CLICCS will explore climate change with broad expertise. CLICCS will investigate how the climate changes and how society changes with it, thereby feeding back on climate. Understanding these changes, including
ETCCDI indices calculated from two km-scale global models developed within the nextGEMS project (https://nextgems-h2020.eu/): ICON-Sapphire (Hohenegger et al. 2023) and IFS-FESOM (Rackow et al. 2025).
MODES applies three-dimensional linear wave theory for the decomposition of global circulation in terms of normal-mode functions (NMFs). NMFs used by MODES are eigensolutions of the linearized primitive