The data originate from a synchronously coupled transient simulation with the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Earth System Model (MPI-ESM) version 1.2 coupled to the modified Parallel Ice Sheet Model (mPISM) and Viscoelastic Lithosphere and MAntle model (VILMA), hence, including interactions between the atmosphere, ocean, land, vegetation, ice sheets and solid Earth components. The model includes the spectral atmospheric model ECHAM6.3 at T31 horizontal resolution (approx. 3.75°) and 31 vertical levels, the land surface vegetation model JSBACH3.2, the primitive equation ocean model MPIOM1.6 with a nominal resolution of 3°, and the ice-sheet model mPISM with a 10km resolution for the Northern Hemisphere and Antarctica. The model version is similar to the one introduced in Mikolajewicz et al. (2025) but includes updated tuning and an expanded GR30 ocean grid across Greenland and Antarctica to simulate ocean dynamics beneath retreating ice sheets as well as a 10 km ice-sheet model resolution for Antarctica.
CO2 and CH4 follow the socioeconomic pathway SSP5-8.5, and are obtained from a Climber-X simulation. More details on the CO2 and CH4 forcing can be found in the supplementary material of Kaufhold et al. (2025). Orbital forcing changes and follows Berger and Loutre (1991). The model uses climatological volcanic forcing.
The model setup and experimental design is described in detail in Kapsch et al. (2026, in prep.).