PalMod2 MPI-M MPI-ESM1-2-2-CR transient-future-interactive

Kapsch, Marie-Luise; Mikolajewicz, Uwe; Schannwell, Clemens

PalMod2 MPI-M MPI-ESM1-2-2-CR transient-future-interactive

doi:10.26050/WDCC/PMMECRtf

Kapsch, Marie-Luise; Mikolajewicz, Uwe; Schannwell, Clemens

ExperimentDOI

climate change ECHAM6 future projection Ice sheets JSBACH MPI-ESM MPI-ESM1-2-2-CR mPISM PALMOD2 PALMOD3 VILMA

Summary: Feedback processes between the climate and ice sheets play a crucial role for the rapid mass loss of ice sheets and, consequently, for sea-level rise in a warming world. Despite the importance of the interactions between the atmosphere, ocean and ice sheets, most future projections rely on stand-alone ice sheet models. Here, we employ a fully coupled climate–ice-sheet model to examine how the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets may change over the next 6,000 years and how their evolution could affect global sea level. Extending the simulations over several millennia allows us to capture the long response timescales characteristic of ice sheets (Kapsch et al., submitted).

The data originate from a synchronously coupled transient simulation with the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Earth System Model (MPI-ESM) version 1.2 (Mauritsen et al., 2019) coupled to the modified Parallel Ice Sheet Model (mPISM; Ziemen et al., 2019) and Viscoelastic Lithosphere and MAntle model (VILMA; Martinec et al., 2018), hence, including interactions between the atmosphere, ocean, land, vegetation, ice sheets and solid Earth components. The model includes the spectral atmospheric model ECHAM6.3 at T31 horizontal resolution (approx. 3.75°) and 31 vertical levels (Stevens et al., 2013), the land surface vegetation model JSBACH3.2 (Raddatz et al., 2007), the primitive equation ocean model MPIOM1.6 with a nominal resolution of 3° (Mikolajewicz, 2007), and the ice-sheet model mPISM with a 10km resolution for the Northern Hemisphere and Antarctica. The model version is similar to the one introduced in Mikolajewicz et al. (2025) but includes updated tuning and an expanded GR30 ocean grid across Greenland and Antarctica to simulate ocean dynamics beneath retreating ice sheets as well as a 10 km ice-sheet model resolution for Antarctica. More details can be found in Kapsch et al. (submitted). The same model version was also used to study the future evolution of the Greenland ice sheet and its steady states (Schannwell et al., 2026; Andernach et al., 2026).

In the simulations conducted here, CO2 and CH4 are constant at pre-industrial conditions (1850; Köhler et al., 2017) or follow historical forcing with subsequent socioeconomic pathways, which are obtained from a Climber-X simulation. More details on the CO2 and CH4 forcing can be found in the supplementary material of Kaufhold et al. (2025). Orbital forcing is either constant at pre-industrial conditions (1850; Berger and Loutre, 1991) or follows Berger and Loutre (1991). The model uses climatological volcanic forcing.
The model setup and experimental design is described in detail in Kapsch et al. (2026, submitted).
Project: PalMod2 (PalMod2)
Contact: Dr. Marie-Luise Kapsch (
marie-luise.kapsch@nullmpimet.mpg.de
0000-0001-9551-5370)
Dr. Uwe Mikolajewicz (
uwe.mikolajewicz@nullmpimet.mpg.de
)
Dr. Clemens Schannwell (
clemens.schannwell@nullmpimet.mpg.de
0000-0002-6160-2107)
Spatial Coverage: Longitude 0 to 360 Latitude -90 to 90
Temporal Coverage: 1850-01-01 to 7999-12-31 (gregorian)
Use constraints: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Data Catalog: World Data Center for Climate
Size: 17.16 TiB (18870603520928 Byte)
Format: NetCDF
Status: completely archived
Creation Date: 2026-07-20
Review Date: 2026-10-03

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Cite as: Kapsch, Marie-Luise; Mikolajewicz, Uwe; Schannwell, Clemens (2026). PalMod2 MPI-M MPI-ESM1-2-2-CR transient-future-interactive. World Data Center for Climate (WDCC) at DKRZ. https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/PMMECRtf

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Funding: Federal Ministry of Research, Technology and Space
Grant/Award No: 01LP1915C - PalMod2-WP1.1 (MPI-M)
Federal Ministry of Research, Technology and Space
Grant/Award No: 01LP2302A - PalMod3-WP1.1 (MPI-M)

FAIR

F-UJI result: total 76.92 %

Description: Summary:
Findable: 6 of 7 level;
Accessible: 3 of 7 level;
Interoperable: 6 of 6 level;
Reusable: 5 of 6 level
Method: F-UJI WDCC service v3.5.0 metrics_v0.8
Method Description: Checks performed by WDCC. Metrics documentation: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15045911 Metric Version: metrics_v0.8
Method Url: https://www.f-uji.net
Result Date: 2026-10-03

Scientific Quality Assurance (SQA)

SQA - Scientific Quality Assurance 'approved by author'

Result Date: 2026-09-17

Technical Quality Assurance (TQA)

TQA - Technical Quality Assurance 'approved by WDCC'

Description: 1. Number of data sets is correct and > 0: passed;
2. Size of every data set is > 0: passed;
3. The data sets and corresponding metadata are accessible: passed;
4. The data sizes are controlled and correct: passed;
5. The spatial-temporal coverage description (metadata) is consistent to the data: passed;
6. The format is correct: passed;
7. Variable description and data are consistent: passed
Method: WDCC-TQA checklist
Method Description: Checks performed by WDCC. The list of TQA metrics are documented in the 'WDCC User Guide for Data Publication' Chapter 8.1.1
Method Url: https://www.wdc-climate.de/docs/WDCC_User_Guide.pdf
Result Date: 2026-09-17

Contact type	Person	ORCID	Organization
Contact	Dr. Marie-Luise Kapsch	0000-0001-9551-5370	Max-Planck-Institut fuer Meteorologie
Contact	Dr. Uwe Mikolajewicz	-	Max Planck Institute for Meteorology
Contact	Dr. Clemens Schannwell	0000-0002-6160-2107	Max Planck Institute for Meteorology
Author	Dr. Marie-Luise Kapsch	0000-0001-9551-5370	Max-Planck-Institut fuer Meteorologie
Author	Dr. Uwe Mikolajewicz	-	Max Planck Institute for Meteorology
Author	Dr. Clemens Schannwell	0000-0002-6160-2107	Max Planck Institute for Meteorology
Investigator	Dr. Marie-Luise Kapsch	0000-0001-9551-5370	Max-Planck-Institut fuer Meteorologie
Funder	-	-	Federal Ministry of Research, Technology and Space

References

[1] DOI Mikolajewicz, Uwe; Kapsch, Marie-Luise; Schannwell, Clemens; Six, Katharina D.; Ziemen, Florian A.; Bagge, Meike; Baudouin, Jean-Philippe; Erokhina, Olga; Gayler, Veronika; Klemann, Volker; Meccia, Virna L.; Mouchet, Anne; Riddick, Thomas. (2025). Deglaciation and abrupt events in a coupled comprehensive atmosphere–ocean–ice-sheet–solid-earth model. doi:10.5194/cp-21-719-2025

Is documented by

[1] DOI Köhler, Peter; Nehrbass-Ahles, Christoph; Schmitt, Jochen; Stocker, Thomas F.; Fischer, Hubertus. (2017). A 156 kyr smoothed history of the atmospheric greenhouse gases CO2, CH4 and N2O and their radiative forcing. doi:10.5194/essd-9-363-2017

[2] DOI Berger, A.; Loutre, M.F. (1991). Insolation values for the climate of the last 10 million years. doi:10.1016/0277-3791(91)90033-q

[3] DOI Kaufhold, Christine; Willeit, Matteo; Talento, Stefanie; Ganopolski, Andrey; Rockström, Johan. (2025). Interplay between climate and carbon cycle feedbacks could substantially enhance future warming. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/adb6be

Is compiled by

[1] DOI Stevens, Bjorn; Giorgetta, Marco; Esch, Monika; Mauritsen, Thorsten; Crueger, Traute; Rast, Sebastian; Salzmann, Marc; Schmidt, Hauke; Bader, Jürgen; Block, Karoline; Brokopf, Renate; Fast, Irina; Kinne, Stefan; Kornblueh, Luis; Lohmann, Ulrike; Pincus, Robert; Reichler, Thomas; Roeckner, Erich. (2013). Atmospheric component of the MPI-M Earth System Model: ECHAM6. doi:10.1002/jame.20015

[2] DOI Mauritsen, Thorsten; Bader, Jürgen; Becker, Tobias; Behrens, Jörg; Bittner, Matthias; Brokopf, Renate; Brovkin, Victor; Claussen, Martin; Crueger, Traute; Esch, Monika; Fast, Irina; Fiedler, Stephanie; Fläschner, Dagmar; Gayler, Veronika; Giorgetta, Marco; Goll, Daniel S.; Haak, Helmuth; Hagemann, Stefan; Hedemann, Christopher; Hohenegger, Cathy; Ilyina, Tatiana; Jahns, Thomas; Jimenéz‐de‐la‐Cuesta, Diego; Jungclaus, Johann; Kleinen, Thomas; Kloster, Silvia; Kracher, Daniela; Kinne, Stefan; Kleberg, Deike; Lasslop, Gitta; Kornblueh, Luis; Marotzke, Jochem; Matei, Daniela; Meraner, Katharina; Mikolajewicz, Uwe; Modali, Kameswarrao; Möbis, Benjamin; Müller, Wolfgang A.; Nabel, Julia E. M. S.; Nam, Christine C. W.; Notz, Dirk; Nyawira, Sarah‐Sylvia; Paulsen, Hanna; Peters, Karsten; Pincus, Robert; Pohlmann, Holger; Pongratz, Julia; Popp, Max; Raddatz, Thomas Jürgen; Rast, Sebastian; Redler, Rene; Reick, Christian H.; Rohrschneider, Tim; Schemann, Vera; Schmidt, Hauke; Schnur, Reiner; Schulzweida, Uwe; Six, Katharina D.; Stein, Lukas; Stemmler, Irene; Stevens, Bjorn; Storch, Jin‐Song; Tian, Fangxing; Voigt, Aiko; Vrese, Philipp; Wieners, Karl‐Hermann; Wilkenskjeld, Stiig; Winkler, Alexander; Roeckner, Erich. (2019). Developments in the MPI-M Earth System Model version 1.2 (MPI-ESM1.2) and Its Response to Increasing CO2. doi:10.1029/2018ms001400

[3] DOI Mikolajewicz, Uwe; Kapsch, Marie-Luise; Schannwell, Clemens; Six, Katharina D.; Ziemen, Florian A.; Bagge, Meike; Baudouin, Jean-Philippe; Erokhina, Olga; Gayler, Veronika; Klemann, Volker; Meccia, Virna L.; Mouchet, Anne; Riddick, Thomas. (2025). Deglaciation and abrupt events in a coupled comprehensive atmosphere–ocean–ice-sheet–solid-earth model. doi:10.5194/cp-21-719-2025

[4] DOI Ziemen, Florian Andreas; Kapsch, Marie-Luise; Klockmann, Marlene; Mikolajewicz, Uwe. (2019). Heinrich events show two-stage climate response in transient glacial simulations. doi:10.5194/cp-15-153-2019

[5] DOI Martinec, Z; Klemann, V; van der Wal, W; Riva, R E M; Spada, G; Sun, Y; Melini, D; Kachuck, S B; Barletta, V; Simon, K; A, G; James, T S. (2018). A benchmark study of numerical implementations of the sea level equation in GIA modelling. doi:10.1093/gji/ggy280

[6] DOI Raddatz, T. J.; Reick, C. H.; Knorr, W.; Kattge, J.; Roeckner, E.; Schnur, R.; Schnitzler, K.-G.; Wetzel, P.; Jungclaus, J. (2007). Will the tropical land biosphere dominate the climate–carbon cycle feedback during the twenty-first century?. doi:10.1007/s00382-007-0247-8

[7] DOI Mikolajewicz, Uwe; Gröger, Matthias; Maier-Reimer, Ernst; Schurgers, Guy; Vizcaíno, Miren; Winguth, Arne M. E. (2006). Long-term effects of anthropogenic CO2 emissions simulated with a complex earth system model. doi:10.1007/s00382-006-0204-y

[8] DOI Andernach, Malena; Kapsch, Marie-Luise; Mikolajewicz, Uwe. (2026). Stabilizing feedbacks allow for multiple states of the Greenland Ice Sheet in a fully coupled Earth System – Ice Sheet Model. doi:10.5194/tc-20-1047-2026

[9] DOI Schannwell, Clemens; Kapsch, Marie-Luise; Willeit, Matteo; Ackermann, Lars; Knorr, Gregor; Krebs-Kanzow, Uta; Lohmann, Gerrit; Six, Katharina D.; Stepanek, Christian; Mikolajewicz, Uwe. (2026). Unravelling the source for diverging long-term ice loss trajectories within the Greenland Ice sheet Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (GrICMIP). doi:10.5194/egusphere-2026-3384

Attached Dataset Groups ( 9 )

Parent project(s)

PalMod2

[Entry acronym: PMMECRtf] [Entry id: 5370944]