EERIE: Ocean Eddy-rich Kilometer-scale Climate Simulation with ICON: SSP2-4.5 Scenario Simulation (Version 1)

Kröger, Jürgen; Wickramage, Chathurika; Wachsmann, Fabian

EERIE ICON ssp245

Summary: The EU project European Eddy RIch Earth System Models (EERIE) is developing a new generation of Earth System Models (ESMs) that explicitly resolve ocean mesoscale dynamics, an essential but still poorly explored part of the climate system. By using recent advances in computing and model design, EERIE aims to improve long-term climate simulations, including variability, extremes, and potential tipping points influenced by mesoscale ocean processes.

ICON in Sapphire configuration is one of these new models. Developed at the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, ICON couples the atmosphere, land, ocean, and sea ice at kilometer-scale resolution. It resolves deep atmospheric convection and captures mesoscale to sub-mesoscale ocean eddies, with the option to refine the global ocean grid locally as a “computational telescope.”

The atmospheric component uses a nonhydrostatic icosahedral C grid with a hybrid sigma-z vertical coordinate and parameterizes only unresolved processes (radiation, microphysics, turbulence). The ocean component shares the same grid and solves the hydrostatic Boussinesq equations, using only a subset of parameterizations such as vertical mixing and velocity dissipation. Sea ice is included via FESIM dynamics and a simplified thermodynamic scheme. Ocean biogeochemistry is represented by HAMOCC6, simulating more than 20 tracers. The land component, JSBACH 4, provides surface fluxes and simplified hydrology with prescribed vegetation. All components are coupled through the YAC coupler (v2.4.2).

The main simulations were preceded by a 40-year spin-up period using 1950 CMIP6 forcing. From the spin-up’s final state, two parallel simulations were started: a 100-year control run and a historical run. The control run is used to identify and quantify model drift, ensuring that any long-term changes in the historical simulation could be attributed to variations in radiative forcing rather than internal drift. After completing the historical simulation, the experiment was extended along the SSP2-4.5 pathway to 2050, using CMIP6 scenario forcings. This extension enables estimates of near-future climate change from a long-term, kilometer-scale simulation.
Project: EERIE (European Eddy RIch Earth System Models)
Contact: Dr. Jürgen Kröger (
juergen.kroeger@nullmpimet.mpg.de
0000-0002-6815-4220)
Additional Information: EERIE: Ocean Eddy-rich Kilometer-scale Climate Simulation with ICON: SSP2-4.5 Scenario Simulation (Version 1) - File-PIDs
Spatial Coverage: Longitude 0 to 360 Latitude -90 to 90
Temporal Coverage: 2015-01-01 to 2050-12-31
Use constraints: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Data Catalog: World Data Center for Climate
Size: 10.04 TiB (11034633255716 Byte)
Format: NetCDF
Status: completely archived
Creation Date: 2025-11-24
Future Review Date: 2035-11-27

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Cite as: Kröger, Jürgen; Wickramage, Chathurika; Wachsmann, Fabian (2026). EERIE: Ocean Eddy-rich Kilometer-scale Climate Simulation with ICON: SSP2-4.5 Scenario Simulation (Version 1). World Data Center for Climate (WDCC) at DKRZ. https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/EERIE_ICON_s245_v1

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Funding: European Commission - Horizon Europe
Grant/Award No: 101081383 - European Eddy-RIch ESMs

Scientific Quality Assurance (SQA)

SQA - Scientific Quality Assurance 'approved by author'

Result Date: 2026-01-06

Technical Quality Assurance (TQA)

TQA - Technical Quality Assurance 'approved by WDCC'

Description: 1. Number of data sets is correct and > 0: passed;
2. Size of every data set is > 0: passed;
3. The data sets and corresponding metadata are accessible: passed;
4. The data sizes are controlled and correct: passed;
5. The spatial-temporal coverage description (metadata) is consistent to the data: passed;
6. The format is correct: passed;
7. Variable description and data are consistent: passed
Method: WDCC-TQA checklist
Method Description: Checks performed by WDCC. The list of TQA metrics are documented in the 'WDCC User Guide for Data Publication' Chapter 8.1.1
Method Url: https://www.wdc-climate.de/docs/WDCC_User_Guide_Data_v1.pdf
Result Date: 2026-01-06

Contact type	Person	ORCID	Organization
Contact	Dr. Jürgen Kröger	0000-0002-6815-4220	Max Planck Institute for Meteorology
Author	Dr. Jürgen Kröger	0000-0002-6815-4220	Max Planck Institute for Meteorology
Author	Dr. Chathurika Wickramage	0000-0002-8158-1163	Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum
Author	Fabian Wachsmann	0000-0003-4389-6911	Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum
Investigator	Dr. Jürgen Kröger	0000-0002-6815-4220	Max Planck Institute for Meteorology
Funder	-	-	European Commission - Horizon Europe

Is compiled by

[1] DOI Hohenegger, Cathy; Korn, Peter; Linardakis, Leonidas; Redler, René; Schnur, Reiner; Adamidis, Panagiotis; Bao, Jiawei; Bastin, Swantje; Behravesh, Milad; Bergemann, Martin; Biercamp, Joachim; Bockelmann, Hendryk; Brokopf, Renate; Brüggemann, Nils; Casaroli, Lucas; Chegini, Fatemeh; Datseris, George; Esch, Monika; George, Geet; Giorgetta, Marco; Gutjahr, Oliver; Haak, Helmuth; Hanke, Moritz; Ilyina, Tatiana; Jahns, Thomas; Jungclaus, Johann; Kern, Marcel; Klocke, Daniel; Kluft, Lukas; Kölling, Tobias; Kornblueh, Luis; Kosukhin, Sergey; Kroll, Clarissa; Lee, Junhong; Mauritsen, Thorsten; Mehlmann, Carolin; Mieslinger, Theresa; Naumann, Ann Kristin; Paccini, Laura; Peinado, Angel; Praturi, Divya Sri; Putrasahan, Dian; Rast, Sebastian; Riddick, Thomas; Roeber, Niklas; Schmidt, Hauke; Schulzweida, Uwe; Schütte, Florian; Segura, Hans; Shevchenko, Radomyra; Singh, Vikram; Specht, Mia; Stephan, Claudia Christine; von Storch, Jin-Song; Vogel, Raphaela; Wengel, Christian; Winkler, Marius; Ziemen, Florian; Marotzke, Jochem; Stevens, Bjorn. (2023). ICON-Sapphire: simulating the components of the Earth system and their interactions at kilometer and subkilometer scales. doi:10.5194/gmd-16-779-2023

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EERIE: Ocean Eddy-rich Kilometer-scale Climate Simulation with ICON

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European Eddy RIch Earth System Models