HadGEM2-CC Hadley Global Environment Model 2 - Carbon Cycle The HadGEM2-CC is a specific configuration of HadGEM2 for the CMIP5 project using a 60 level atmosphere. Major differences from HadGEM2-ES are the inclusion of a non-orographic gravity wave drag scheme, production of stratospheric water vapour from methane oxidation, and the removal of the UKCA interactive tropospheric chemistry component. Chemical oxidants are prescribed using decadal averages from the equivalent HadGEM2-ES simulations. Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC 2010 Bellouin et al. 2007 http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/publications/HCTN/HCTN_73.pdf Bellouin N., O. Boucher, J. Haywood, C. Johnson, A. Jones, J. Rae, and S. Woodward. (2007) Improved representation of aerosols for HadGEM2.. Meteorological Office Hadley Centre, Technical Note 73, March 2007 Collins et al. 2008 http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/publications/HCTN/HCTN_74.pdf Collins W.J. , N. Bellouin, M. Doutriaux-Boucher, N. Gedney, T. Hinton, C.D. Jones, S. Liddicoat, G. Martin, F. O'Connor, J. Rae, C. Senior, I. Totterdell, and S. Woodward (2008) Evaluation of the HadGEM2 model. Meteorological Office Hadley Centre, Technical Note 74 Hardiman 2012 http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00579.1 S. C. Hardiman, N. Butchart, T. J. Hinton, S. M. Osprey and L. J. Gray (2012) The effect of a well resolved stratosphere on surface climate: Differences between CMIP5 simulations with high and low top versions of the Met Office climate model. Journal of Climate 2012. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00579.1 Aerosols Aerosols The model includes interactive schemes for sulphate, sea salt, black carbon from fossil-fuel emissions, organic carbon from fossil-fuel emissions, mineral dust, and biomass-burning aerosols. The model also includes a fixed monthly climatology of mass-mixing ratios of secondary organic aerosols from terpene emissions (biogenic aerosols). Aerosol Key Properties Aerosols AerosolSchemeScope AerosolSchemeScope whole atmosphere BasicApproximations BasicApproximations Modal scheme, mass as a tracer, number inferred from prescribed size distributions ListOfPrognosticVariables ListOfPrognosticVariables 3D mass/volume mixing ratio for aerosols NumberOfTracers NumberOfTracers 21 FamilyApproach FamilyApproach no AerosolTimeStepFramework AerosolTimeStepFramework Method Method uses AtmosphericChemistry time stepping biomass_burning biomass_burning Emissions of aerosols from biomass burning injected at the surface for grassfires and homogeneously throughout the boundary layer for forest fire emissions. Represented as a monthly mean field on the N96 grid units http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk cfName http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk fossil_fuel_black_carbon fossil_fuel_black_carbon Emissions of primary black carbon from fossil fuel and biofuel injected at 80m as a monthly mean field on the N96 grid units http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk cfName http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk fossil_fuel_organic_carb fossil_fuel_organic_carb Emissions of primary organic carbon from fossil fuel and biofuel injected at 80m as a monthly mean field on the N96 grid units http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Bellouin et al. 2007 http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/publications/HCTN/HCTN_73.pdf Bellouin N., O. Boucher, J. Haywood, C. Johnson, A. Jones, J. Rae, and S. Woodward. (2007) Improved representation of aerosols for HadGEM2.. Meteorological Office Hadley Centre, Technical Note 73, March 2007 Aerosol Emission And Conc Aerosol Emission and Concentration Emissions for the sulphur cycle include emissions of ammonium sulphate aerosol precursors: sulphur dioxide and dimethylsulphide. For sulphur dioxide, anthropogenic emissions are split into surface and chimney-level emissions. Natural emissions from volcanoes are provided as a 3D field. DMS emissions are provided by the ocean biogeochemistry scheme over the ocean, and provided through a dataset over land surfaces. All sulphur-cycle emissions are expressed in term of mass of sulphur within the model. For black-carbon and organic-carbon aerosols from fossil-fuel and biofuel emissions, emissions are provided at near-surface level. These emissions are expressed in term of mass of carbon. For biomass-burning aerosol, emissions are provided as two fields: surface emissions, and high-level emissions. The latter field is homogeneously distributed across the boundary layer. Biomass emissions are expressed in term of mass of carbon. Emissions for sea-salt and mineral dust aerosols are computed interactively from the modelled meteorology and soil properties by their respective schemes. The climatology of monthly-averaged mass-mixing ratios of secondary organic aerosol from terpene emissions was derived from the chemistry-transport model STOCHEM (Derwent et al., 2003). 2D emissions: All emission fields are provided as monthly means, which are time interpolated by the model every 5 days. Sulphur dioxide emissions are derived from sector-based emissions datasets for IPCC AR5 (Lamarque et al., 2009). Emissions for all sectors are considered surface emissions, except for energy emissions and half of industrial emissions which are considered chimney-level emissions. Emissions for land-based dimethylsulphide are taken from Spiro et al. (1992). Anthropogenic emissions for black carbon and organic carbon are from the sum of all sector-based emissions in the IPCC AR5 dataset. They are emitted in the second level of the model (near-surface emissions). Anthropogenic emissions for biomass-burning aerosol are the sum of IPCC AR5 emissions for black and organic carbon from biomass-burning emissions. Grass fire emissions are assumed to be surface emissions, while forest fire emissions are distributed homogeneously across the boundary layer. Emissions based on interactive schemes: Sea-salt and mineral dust aerosol emissions are computed interactively depending on modelled near-surface wind speeds and soil properties (Jones et al., 2001; Woodward, 2001). The only 3D aerosol-related emissions used in the model are natural emissions of sulphur dioxide from background volcanoes (Andres and Kasgnoc, 1998). Aircraft emissions of aerosol precursors or primary [aerosols] are not included in the model. 2D-Emissions 2D-Emissions Method Method interactive other SourceTypes SourceTypes anthropogenic bare ground other sea surface InteractivEmittedSpecies InteractivEmittedSpecies mineral dust, sea-salt, ocean-based DMS MethodCharacteristics MethodCharacteristics CMIP5 emission timeseries (monthly from linear interpolation of decadal means) EmittedSpecies EmittedSpecies sulphur dioxide, ammonia, fossil-fuel black carbon, fossil-fuel organic carbon, biomass-burning other sources other sources natural emissions from land surface of DMS and vegetation emissions 3D-Emissions 3D-Emissions Method Method prescribed (climatology) SourceTypes SourceTypes other volcanoes ClimatologyType ClimatologyType monthly ClimEmittedSpecies ClimEmittedSpecies sulphur dioxide from degassing volcanoes, secondary organic aerosol Concentrations Concentrations PrescribedLowerBoundary PrescribedLowerBoundary N/A PrescribedUpperBoundary PrescribedUpperBoundary N/A PrescribedWithinAtmos PrescribedWithinAtmos biogenic aerosol Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Andres 1998 Andres, R.J. and Kasgnoc, A.D. (1998) A time-averaged inventory of subaerial volcanic sulfur emissions. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 25251-25261, 1998. Bellouin et al. 2007 http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/publications/HCTN/HCTN_73.pdf Bellouin N., O. Boucher, J. Haywood, C. Johnson, A. Jones, J. Rae, and S. Woodward. (2007) Improved representation of aerosols for HadGEM2.. Meteorological Office Hadley Centre, Technical Note 73, March 2007 Derwent 2003 Derwent, R.G., Collins, W.J., Jenkin, M.E., and Johnson, C.E. (2003) The global distribution of secondary particulate matter in a 3-D Lagrangian chemistry transport model. J. Atmos. Chem., 44, 57-95, 2003. Jones 2001 Jones A., D.L. Roberts, M.J. Woodage and C.E. Johnson (2001) Indirect sulphate aerosol forcing in a climate model with an interactive sulpher cycle.. J. Geophys Res., 106, 20293-20310. Lamarque 2009 Lamarque, J.F. et al. (2009) Gridded emissions in support of IPCC AR5.. IGACtivities 41, 12-18, May 2009. Moss 2010 Moss, R.H., et al. (2010) The next generation of scenarios for climate change research and assessment. Nature, 463, 747-756, doi:10.1038/nature08823 Spiro 1992 Spiro, P.A., Jacob, D.J., and Logan, J.A. (1992) Global inventory of sulfur emissions with 1x1 resolution. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 6023-6036, 1992. Woodward 2001 Woodward S., (2001) Modelling the atmospheric life cycle and radiative impact of mineral dust in the Hadley Centre climate model. J. Geophys. Res., 106, D16, 18,155-18,166, 2001. metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 2fe0c722-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:12.717222 Aerosol Model Aerosol Model The model includes interactive schemes for sulphate, sea salt, black carbon from fossil-fuel emissions, organic carbon from fossil-fuel emissions, mineral dust, and biomass-burning aerosols. The model also includes a fixed monthly climatology of mass-mixing ratios of secondary organic aerosols from terpene emissions (biogenic aerosols). All aerosol species, except sea-salt and biogenic aerosols, are advected using the tracer advection scheme and undergo wet and dry deposition. Wet deposition accounts for re-evaporation of precipitation (Bellouin et al., 2007). All aerosol species exert a direct effect (scattering and absorption of shortwave and longwave radiation) and thereby also a semi-direct effect (impact on atmospheric temperature and cloud profiles of aerosol absorption). All aerosol species, except black carbon and mineral dust, also contribute to both the first and second indirect effects on clouds, modifying cloud albedo and precipitation efficiency, respectively. The version of the sulphur cycle included in the model is described in Jones et al. [2001] and Roberts and Jones [2004] with further improvements described hereafter. The sulphate scheme is a modal scheme where the free aerosol is assumed to have a log-normal size distribution in the Aitken and accumulation size ranges, which include particles with a radius less than 0.05 and 0.5 m, respectively. Sulphate aerosol may also be in a dissolved mode where layer clouds are present, thus affecting the cloud droplet size and exerting first and second indirect effects (modification of cloud albedo and precipitation efficiency, respectively). The sulphur cycle in HadGEM2-ES also includes improvements described by Bellouin et al. [2007]: condensation of sulphuric acid from dry oxidation of sulphur dioxide and dimethysulphide, and conversion from Aitken to accumulation mode particles by condensation. In addition, the oxidation of SO2 and DMS is now using oxidant concentrations (OH, HO2, H2O2, O3) provided by the interactive tropospheric chemistry scheme and depleted oxidants are fed back to the chemistry (alternatively, oxidant concentrations can be prescribed). Emissions of dimethylsulphide from the ocean is provided by the ocean biogeochemistry scheme. The sea salt scheme is a simple diagnostic scheme depending on wind speed and height above the surface to determine the number concentration of sea salt particles in two size modes (Jones et al., 2001). Schemes for black carbon from fossil-fuel emissions (Roberts and Jones, 2004), biomass-burning, and organic carbon from fossil-fuel emissions (Collins et al, 2008) include modes for freshly emitted particles that gradually age into another, more hygroscopic mode; there is also a mode for aerosols that have become incorporated into cloud droplets. Black carbon is considered to be slightly hygroscopic, only becoming incorporated into cloud droplets by diffusion, whereas organic carbon and biomass-burning aerosols are considered to act as cloud condensation nuclei. The mineral dust scheme is based on Woodward (2001) with further improvements made to the dust emission scheme (described in Collins et al, 2008): changes to values of the impact threshold friction velocity and parameterisation of the effect of soil moisture. The modelled horizontal flux includes a wide size range of particles from .06 to 2000 microns in 9 bins. Vertical flux is calculated for particles up to 60 microns in 6 bins, the size distribution following that of the horizontal flux in this range. Processes Processes advection (horizontal) advection (vertical) ageing coagulation condensation dry deposition oxidation (gas phase) oxidation (in cloud) sedimentation wet deposition (nucleation scavenging) CouplingWith CouplingWith Clouds LandSurface other Radiation GasPhasePrecursors GasPhasePrecursors ammonia DMS SO2 vegetation model coupling vegetation model coupling bare soil fraction for mineral dust emissions ocean biogeochemical coupling ocean biogeochemical coupling provides ocean-based DMS emissions, and is fertilised by mineral dust deposition AerosolScheme AerosolScheme SchemeType SchemeType bulk BulkSpecies BulkSpecies BC (black carbon / soot) dust nitrate POM (particulate organic matter) sea salt SOA (secondary organic aerosols) sulphate Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Bellouin et al. 2007 http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/publications/HCTN/HCTN_73.pdf Bellouin N., O. Boucher, J. Haywood, C. Johnson, A. Jones, J. Rae, and S. Woodward. (2007) Improved representation of aerosols for HadGEM2.. Meteorological Office Hadley Centre, Technical Note 73, March 2007 Collins et al. 2008 http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/publications/HCTN/HCTN_74.pdf Collins W.J. , N. Bellouin, M. Doutriaux-Boucher, N. Gedney, T. Hinton, C.D. Jones, S. Liddicoat, G. Martin, F. O'Connor, J. Rae, C. Senior, I. Totterdell, and S. Woodward (2008) Evaluation of the HadGEM2 model. Meteorological Office Hadley Centre, Technical Note 74 Jones 2001 Jones A., D.L. Roberts, M.J. Woodage and C.E. Johnson (2001) Indirect sulphate aerosol forcing in a climate model with an interactive sulpher cycle.. J. Geophys Res., 106, 20293-20310. Roberts & Jones 2004 doi: 10.1029/2004JD004676. Roberts D.L., and A. Jones (2004) Climate sensitivity to black carbon aerosol from fossil fuel combustion. J. Geophys. Resr., 109, Woodward 2001 Woodward S., (2001) Modelling the atmospheric life cycle and radiative impact of mineral dust in the Hadley Centre climate model. J. Geophys. Res., 106, D16, 18,155-18,166, 2001. metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 30824f34-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:12.810866 Aerosol Transport Aerosol Transport Aerosol transport is done by the HadGEM2 tracer advection scheme, which includes large-scale advection (Davies et al. 2005), convective transport (Gregory and Rowntree, 1990), and boundary layer mixing (Lock et al., 2000). Method Method other Turbulence Turbulence Method Method other Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Davies 2005 Davies T., M. J. P. Cullen, A. J. Malcolm, M. H. Mawson, A. Staniforth, A. A. White, and N. Wood (2005) A new dynamical core for the Met Office's global and regional modelling of the atmosphere.. Quarterly Journal Royal Meteorology Society, 131, 1759-1782. Gregory 1990 Gregory J., and P.R. Rowntree (1990) A mass flux convection scheme with representation of cloud ensemble characteristics and stability - dependent closure.. Monthly Weather Review, 118, 1483-1506. Lock 2000 Lock A.P., A.R. Brown, M.R. Bush, G.M. Martin, R.N.B. Smith et al. (2000) A new boundary layer mixing scheme. Part I: scheme description and single column model tests.. Monthly Weather Review, American Meteorological Society, 128, 3187-3199. metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 2fc10b4e-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:12.848465 metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk DRS_CMIP5_componentType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 2f54cf4c-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:12.848556 Atmosphere Atmosphere The HadGEM2-CC model incorporates the Met Office's New Dynamics framework that provides a non-hydrostatic, fully compressible, deep atmosphere formulation with fewer approximations to the basic equations; semi-Lagrangian advection of all prognostic variables except density, permitting relatively long timesteps to be used at higher resolution; a conservative and monotone treatment of tracer transport; and improved geostrophic adjustment properties bringing better balance to the coupling. HadGEM2 includes interactive modelling of atmospheric aerosols, driven by surface and elevated emissions and including tropospheric chemical processes as well as physical removal processes such as washout. The aerosol species represented in the model are sulphate, black carbon, biomass smoke, sea salt, organic carbon, mineral dust and a biogenic climatology. The atmospheric component has a horizontal resolution of 1.25 degrees of latitude by 1.875 degrees of longitude with 60 layers in the vertical extending to over 39 km in height. The model uses the Arakawa C-grid horizontally and the Charney-Phillips grid vertically. The atmospheric timestep period is 20 minutes (72 timesteps per day). Atmos Key Properties Atmosphere Top Of Atmos Insolation Top of Atmosphere Insolation ImpactOnOzone ImpactOnOzone no SolarConstant SolarConstant Type Type transient Characteristics Characteristics normalised to give a mean solar constant of 1365 Wm-2 over the 2 solar cycles 1860-1881. OrbitalParameters OrbitalParameters Type Type fixed ComputationMethod ComputationMethod Berger 1978 ReferenceDate ReferenceDate 2000 ModelFamily ModelFamily AGCM BasicApproximations BasicApproximations non-hydrostatic VolcanoesImplementation VolcanoesImplementation via stratospheric aerosols optical thickness VolcanoesImplementationMethod VolcanoesImplementationMethod monthly stratospheric optical depths, at 550nm, prescribed for quarter-spheres (90S-30S, 30S-0, 0-30N, 30N-90N). Upper limit is set for 30hPa. Orography Orography OrographyType OrographyType present-day anthro_SO2_aerosol anthro_SO2_aerosol Anthropogenic sulphur dioxide emissions injected at the surface, except for energy emissions and half of industrial emissions which are injected at 0.5 km to represent chimney-level emissions. units http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk cfName http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk biogenic_emission_aeroso biogenic_emission_aeroso 3D concentrations of organic aerosols from biogenic emissions. [CHECK cf name and short name] units http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk cfName http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk land DMS emissions land DMS emissions Constant for land-based emissions amounting to 0.86 Tg/yr from Spiro et al., 1992) units http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk cfName http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk ocean_DMS_emissions ocean_DMS_emissions Ocean dimethyl sulphide emissions units http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk cfName http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk solar irradiance solar irradiance Annual mean total solar radiance units http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk cfName http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk volcanic aerosol volcanic aerosol Stratospheric aerosol concentrations due to volcanic eruptions represented as optical thickness at 550nm units http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk cfName http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk volcanic SO2 emissions volcanic SO2 emissions 3D background emissions of sulphur dioxide from degassing volcanoes taken from Andres and Kasgnoc (1998). [This does not include SO2 emissions from biomass burning) units http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk cfName http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk well_mixed_gas_CFC-12 well_mixed_gas_CFC-12 Halocarbons (CFCs and related gases) are supplied as equivalent concentrations of CFC-12 and HFC-134a made available from the CMIP5 database, expressed as a mass mixing ratio (kg/kg). These species represent the total radiative forcing from 27 halocarbon species. units http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk cfName http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk well_mixed_gas_CH4 well_mixed_gas_CH4 Surface methane concentrations prescribed as a single global constant provided as an annual number but added as a 2D surface and interpolated in the model at each timestep. units http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk cfName http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk well_mixed_gas_CO2 well_mixed_gas_CO2 CO2 concentrations prescribed as a single global constant provided as an annual number but interpolated in the model at each timestep. Provided as a mass mixing ratio with units of kg/kg. CO2 concentrations are passed to the model's radiation scheme, terrestrial carbon cycle and ocean carbon cycle. units http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk cfName http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk well_mixed_gas_HFC-134a well_mixed_gas_HFC-134a Halocarbons (CFCs and related gases) are supplied as equivalent concentrations of CFC-12 and HFC-134a made available from the CMIP5 database, expressed as a mass mixing ratio (kg/kg). These species represent the total radiative forcing from 27 halocarbon species. CF: mass_fraction_of_hfc134a_in_air (awaiting entry into CF-names) units http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk well_mixed_gas_N2O well_mixed_gas_N2O N2O concentrations prescribed as a time series of annual global mean concentrations in all CMIP5 simulations. Concentrations used were interpolated from the annual concentrations every time step and passed to the models radiation scheme. units http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk cfName http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk well_mixed_gas_Ozone well_mixed_gas_Ozone Stratospheric Ozone prescribed as monthly 3D field derived from the CMIP5 recommended AC&C/SPARC ozone database units http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk cfName http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Davies 2005 Davies T., M. J. P. Cullen, A. J. Malcolm, M. H. Mawson, A. Staniforth, A. A. White, and N. Wood (2005) A new dynamical core for the Met Office's global and regional modelling of the atmosphere.. Quarterly Journal Royal Meteorology Society, 131, 1759-1782. Atmos Convect Turbul Cloud Atmospheric Convective Turbulent Cloud The convection scheme is based on the mass flux scheme of Gregory and Rowntree (1990) but with major modifications. The scheme is explicitly coupled to the boundary layer scheme, and cumulus convection is similarly diagnosed using the mean humidity profile. If cumulus convection is diagnosed, then the boundary layer scheme is capped at the convective cloud base. The convection scheme is then triggered from the lifting condensation level in order to parameterize transports from cloud base upward. Deep and shallow convection are diagnosed separately and different thermodynamic closures are applied. In shallow convection the closure is based on Grant (2001); for deep convection a CAPE closure is used, based on Fritsch and Chappell (1980). A convective momentum transport (CMT) parameterization is used for both deep and shallow convection, based on a flux-gradient relationship obtained from the stress budget. A cloud-base closure for CMT is used, based on the assumption that large-scale horizontal pressure gradients should be continuous across cloud base. Entrainment and detrainment rates for shallow convection are parameterized as in Grant and Brown (1999). The radiative effects of convective anvils are represented by specifying a vertically varying convective cloud amount (Gregory 1999). The model includes adaptive detrainment parametrization to produce smoother mass-flux profiles and more realistic diabatic heating profiles. In addition the depth criterion for shallow convection has been removed to allow shallower clouds to rain provided their water content is sufficiently high. BoundaryLayerTurbulence BoundaryLayerTurbulence SchemeName SchemeName other SchemeType SchemeType vertical profile of Kz CounterGradient CounterGradient yes DeepConvection DeepConvection SchemeName SchemeName Gregory and Rowntree SchemeType SchemeType mass-flux Processes Processes convective momentum transport (CMT) detrainment entrainment radiative effects of anvils updrafts and downdrafts SchemeMethod SchemeMethod CAPE ShallowConvection ShallowConvection Method Method same as deep (unified) OtherConvection OtherConvection SchemeName SchemeName Mid-Level Convection SchemeType SchemeType mass-flux LargeScalePrecipitation LargeScalePrecipitation SchemeName SchemeName Wilson and Ballard (1999; updated) PrecipitatingHydrometeors PrecipitatingHydrometeors graupel hail liquid rain snow Microphysics Microphysics SchemeName SchemeName Smith (1990) for cloud amount and cloud water content; Wilson and Ballard (1999, updated) for cloud microphysics Processes Processes cloud droplets cloud ice effect of graupel effect of raindrops effect of snow ice nucleation mixed phase water vapour deposition Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Derbyshire 2010 Derbyshire S.H., A. V. Maidens, S. F. Milton, R. A. Stratton and M. R. Willett (2010) Adaptive detrainment in a convective parametrization. Submitted to Q.J. Royal Meteorol. Soc. Fritsch 1980 Fritsch J. M., and C. F. Chappell (1980) Numerical prediction of convectively driven mesoscale pressure systems - Part I: Convective parameterization.. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 37, 1722-1733. Grant 1999 Grant A.L.M., and A. R. Brown, (1999) A similarity hypothesis for shallow cumulus transports.. Quarterly Journal of Royal Meteorological Society, 125, 1913-1936. Grant 2001 Grant A.L.M., (2001) Cloud base fluxes in the cumulus-capped boundary layer.. Quarterly Journal of Royal Meteorological Society, 127: 407-421. Gregory 1990 Gregory J., and P.R. Rowntree (1990) A mass flux convection scheme with representation of cloud ensemble characteristics and stability - dependent closure.. Monthly Weather Review, 118, 1483-1506. Gregory 1999 Gregory J., (1999) Representation of the radiative effects of convective anvils.. Hadley Centre Technical Note 7., Met. Office, Exeter Lock 2000 Lock A.P., A.R. Brown, M.R. Bush, G.M. Martin, R.N.B. Smith et al. (2000) A new boundary layer mixing scheme. Part I: scheme description and single column model tests.. Monthly Weather Review, American Meteorological Society, 128, 3187-3199. Smith 1990 Smith R. N. B., (1990) A scheme for predicting layer clouds and their water content in a general circulation model. Quarterly Journal of Royal Meteorological Society, 116, 435-460. Wilson 1999 Wilson D. R., and S. P. Ballard (1999) A microphysically based precipitation scheme for the Met Office Unified Model.. Quarterly Journal of Royal Meteorological Society, 125, 1607-1636. Atmos Cloud Scheme Atmospheric Cloud Scheme The large-scale cloud scheme for liquid cloud is that of Smith (1990), in which cloud water and cloud amount are diagnosed from total moisture and liquid water potential temperature using a triangular probability distribution function. The width of this distribution is diagnosed from the variability of the moisture and temperature of the surrounding grid points. A representation of the difference between cloud area fraction and cloud volume fraction is made by subdividing a single model layer into three. HadGEM1 and later models introduced an updated version of the Wilson and Ballard (1999) microphysics scheme. Transfers between water categories (ice, liquid water, vapor, and rain) are calculated based on physical process equations using particle size information. CloudSchemeAttributes CloudSchemeAttributes SeparatedCloudTreatment SeparatedCloudTreatment yes CloudOverlap CloudOverlap other Processes Processes area cloud fraction, diagnostic RH_crit CloudOverlapScheme CloudOverlapScheme Maximum-random overlap SubGridScaleWaterDistribution SubGridScaleWaterDistribution Type Type diagnostic FunctionName FunctionName symmetric triangular distribution FunctionOrder FunctionOrder one moment CouplingWithConvection CouplingWithConvection coupled with deep and shallow Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Smith 1990 Smith R. N. B., (1990) A scheme for predicting layer clouds and their water content in a general circulation model. Quarterly Journal of Royal Meteorological Society, 116, 435-460. Wilson 1999 Wilson D. R., and S. P. Ballard (1999) A microphysically based precipitation scheme for the Met Office Unified Model.. Quarterly Journal of Royal Meteorological Society, 125, 1607-1636. metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 32bb9bc0-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:13.176949 Cloud Simulator Cloud Observation Feedback Package COSP is a flexible software tool that enables the simulation of data from several satellite-borne sensors from model variables. It facilitates the use of satellite data to evaluate models in a process-oriented and consistent way. The flexibility of COSP makes it suitable to be used in any type of numerical model, from high-resolution cloud-resolving models to coarse-resolution models like the GCMs used in climate modeling, and the scales in between used in weather forecast models. The fact that COSP includes several simulators under the same interface facilitates the implementation of a range of simulators in models. A general description of COSP is given in Bodas-Salcedo et al. (2011). The following instrument instrument simulators are included:CloudSat (Haynes et al., 2007), CALIPSO (Chepfer et al., 2008), ISCCP (Klein and Jakob, 1999; Webb et al., 2001), MISR (Marchand and Ackerman, 2010), and MODIS. COSPAttributes COSPAttributes COSPRunConfiguration COSPRunConfiguration inline NumberOfGridpoints NumberOfGridpoints All NumberOfColumns NumberOfColumns 100 NumberOfLevels NumberOfLevels 38 InputsRadar InputsRadar RadarFrequency RadarFrequency 94Ghz RadarType RadarType spaceborne UseGasAbsorption UseGasAbsorption yes UseEffectiveRadius UseEffectiveRadius yes InputsLidar InputsLidar LidarIceType LidarIceType Ice spheres Overlap Overlap max / random ISSCPAttributes ISSCPAttributes TopHeight TopHeight IR brightness and visible optical depth TopHeightDirection TopHeightDirection highest altitude level Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Bodas-Salcedo (2008) A. Bodas-Salcedo et al. (2008) Evaluating cloud systems in the Met Office global forecast model using simulated CloudSat radar reflectivities. J. Geophys. Res., 113, D00A13, 2008. doi:10.1029/2007JD009620. Bodas-Salcedo (2011) A. Bodas-Salcedo et al. (2011) COSP: satellite simulation software for model assessment. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. submitted, 2011. Chepfer 2008 H. Chepfer et al. (2008) Use of CALIPSO lidar observations to evaluate the cloudiness simulated by a climate model. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L15 704, 2008. doi:10.1029/2008GL034207. Haynes 2007 J. M. Haynes (2007) A multipurpose radar simulation package: Quickbeam. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 88 (11), 1723-1727, doi:10.1175/BAMS-88-11-1723. Klein & Jacob 1999 Klein, S.A., and C. Jakob (1999) Validation and sensitivities of frontal clouds simulated by the ECMWF model. Mon. Weather Rev., 127 (10), 2514-2531. Marchand & Ackerman 2010 Marchand, R. and T. Ackerman (2010) An analysis of cloud cover in multiscale modeling framework global climate model simulations using 4 and 1 km horizontal grids. J. Geophys. Res., 115, D16 207, doi:10.1029/2009JD013423. Webb 2001 Webb, M. et al., (2001) Combining ERBE and ISCCP data to assess clouds in the Hadley Centre, ECMWF and LMD atmospheric climate models. Clim. Dyn., 17, 905-922 metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 32e6f43c-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:13.273993 metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 32af856a-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:13.274061 Atmos Dynamical Core Atmospheric Dynamical Core The dynamical core for HadGEM2 (Davies et al., 2005) was designed to avoid unnecessary approximations and includes the following features: - non-hydrostatic, fully compressible, deep atmosphere formulation using a terrain following, height-based vertical coordinate. - discretization using a horizontally staggered Arakawa C-grid and vertically staggered Charney-Phillips grid; - semi-Lagrangian advection for all prognostic variables, except density, with conservative and monotone treatment of tracers, - Eulerian treatment of the continuity equation for mass conservation; - predictor-corrector implementation of a two time level, semi-implicit, time integration scheme, - three dimensional iterative solution of a variable-coefficient elliptic equation for the pressure increment at each time step. ListOfPrognosticVariables ListOfPrognosticVariables clouds potential temperature vapour/solid/liquid wind components TopBoundaryCondition TopBoundaryCondition radiation boundary condition HeatTreatmentAtTop HeatTreatmentAtTop N/A WindTreatmentAtTop WindTreatmentAtTop N/A TimeSteppingFramework TimeSteppingFramework SchemeType SchemeType semi-Implicit TimeStep TimeStep 20 minutes HorizontalDiscretization HorizontalDiscretization SchemeType SchemeType fixed grid PoleSingularityTreatment PoleSingularityTreatment other SchemeMethod SchemeMethod centered finite differences SchemeOrder SchemeOrder second order HorizontalDiffusion HorizontalDiffusion SchemeName SchemeName horizontal diffusion scheme SchemeMethod SchemeMethod iterated Laplacian Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Davies 2005 Davies T., M. J. P. Cullen, A. J. Malcolm, M. H. Mawson, A. Staniforth, A. A. White, and N. Wood (2005) A new dynamical core for the Met Office's global and regional modelling of the atmosphere.. Quarterly Journal Royal Meteorology Society, 131, 1759-1782. Atmos Advection Atmospheric Advection A semi-lagrangian advection scheme is used. The advection of potential temperature, moisture, density and winds are treated separately. Moisture is conserved using a non-hydrostatic scheme. Tracers Tracers SchemeName SchemeName other SchemeCharacteristics SchemeCharacteristics cubic semi-Lagrangian quintic semi-Lagrangian ConservedQuantities ConservedQuantities Tracer mass (all tracers) ConservationMethod ConservationMethod conservation fixer Momentum Momentum SchemeName SchemeName other SchemeCharacteristics SchemeCharacteristics staggered grid ConservedQuantities ConservedQuantities Total energy ConservationMethod ConservationMethod conservation fixer StaggeringType StaggeringType Arakawa C-grid SchemeNameDetail SchemeNameDetail Quasi-cubic Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Davies 2005 Davies T., M. J. P. Cullen, A. J. Malcolm, M. H. Mawson, A. Staniforth, A. A. White, and N. Wood (2005) A new dynamical core for the Met Office's global and regional modelling of the atmosphere.. Quarterly Journal Royal Meteorology Society, 131, 1759-1782. metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 31b4fb90-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:13.470062 metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 31b23bee-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:13.470125 Atmos Orography And Waves Atmosphere Orography And Waves The gravity wave drag (GWD) scheme is that of Webster et al. (2003) and includes low-level flow blocking. The actual gravity wave drag is that due to air flowing over orography; it is deposited where wave breaking is diagnosed (typically in the lower stratosphere). The remaining drag (about 80 per cent of the total) is attributed to flow around the orography and is deposited uniformly between the surface and the subgridscale orographic height. Any remaining flux is "fluxed to space" at 40km (i.e. not conserved). SubGridScaleOrography SubGridScaleOrography effect on drag OrographicGravityWaves OrographicGravityWaves SourceMechanisms SourceMechanisms linear mountain waves other CalculationMethod CalculationMethod other PropagationScheme PropagationScheme linear theory DissipationScheme DissipationScheme single wave CalculationMethodDetail CalculationMethodDetail Accounts for the anisotropy of the sub-grid orography in calculating the surface stress. Non-OrographicGravityWaves Non-OrographicGravityWaves SourceMechanisms SourceMechanisms background spectrum CalculationMethod CalculationMethod spatially dependent temporally dependent PropagationScheme PropagationScheme non-linear theory DissipationScheme DissipationScheme spectral Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Webster 2003 Webster S., A.R. Brown, D.R. Cameron and C.P. Jones (2003) Improvements to the Representation of Orography in the Met Office Unified Model. Quarterly Journal of Royal Meteorological Society, 129 (591), 1989-2010 Part B. metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 33edd684-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:13.605104 Atmos Radiation Atmospheric Radiation The radiation code is the solution to the two-stream equations by Edwards and Slingo (1996), with some developments. It includes absorption by CO2, H2O, O3, O2, N2O, CH4 and CFCs. The longwave band from 1200 to 1500 cm-1 has been split at 1330 cm-1 in order to better represent the overlap between CH4 and N2O. Gaseous absorption is based on the updated High-Resolution Transmission (HITRAN) 2000 database (Rothman et al., 2003). The water vapour continuum is version 2.4 of the Clough-Kneizys-Davies (CKD) formulation (Clough et al., 1992) and has been included in the shortwave region. Treatment of the effects of non-spherical ice cloud particles are determined using the parameterization by Edwards et al. (2007). The sea surface albedo is based on the functional form of Barker and Li (1995), modified in the light of aircraft data, and the land-surface albedo is described by Essery et al. (2003). The direct (scattering and absorption of radiation) and indirect radiative effects of aerosols is included. TimeStep TimeStep 3 hours AerosolTypes AerosolTypes BC (black carbon / soot) dust nitrate POM (particulate organic matter) sea salt SOA (secondary organic aerosols) sulphate GHG-Types GHG-Types CFC CH4 CO2 H2O N2O O3 Longwave Longwave SchemeType SchemeType K-correlated SchemeMethod SchemeMethod two-stream NumberOfSpectralIntervals NumberOfSpectralIntervals 9 Shortwave Shortwave SchemeType SchemeType other NumberOfSpectralIntervals NumberOfSpectralIntervals 6 SchemeTypeDetail SchemeTypeDetail K-correlated - two stream CloudRadiativeProperties CloudRadiativeProperties ice ice Parameterised as function of ice mass mixing ratio and effective dimension. liquid liquid Parameterised as function of liquid mass mixing ratio and effective radius. Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Barker 1995 Barker, H.W. and Z. Li (1995) Improved simulation of clear-sky shortwave radiative transfer in the CCC-GCM J. Climate, 8, 2213-2223 Clough 1992 Clough, S.A, M.J. Iacono, and J. L. Moncet (1992) Line-by-line calculations of atmospheric fluxes and cooling rates: application to water vapour. J. Geophys. Res., 97(D14), 15671-15785 Edwards 1996 Edwards, J.M. and A. Slingo (1996) Studies with a flexible new radiation code. I: choosing a configuration for a large-scale model Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 122, 689-720 Edwards 2007 Edwards J.M, S. Hardiman, J-C. Thelen, A.J Baran (2007) A new parametrization for the radiative properties of ice crystals: Comparison with existing schemes and impact in a GCM. Atmospheric Research, 83(1), 19-35. Essery 2003 Essery, R. L. H., Best, M. J., Betts, R. A., Cox, P. M., and Taylor, C. M. (2003) Explicit representation of subgrid heterogeneity in a GCM land-surface scheme J. Hydrometeorol., 43, 530-543. Kristjansson 2000 Kristjansson, J.E., J.M. Edwards, and D.L. Mitchell (2000) Impact of a new scheme for optical properties of ice crystals on climates of two GCM's J. Geophys. Res., 105(D8), 10063-10079 Rothman 2003 DOI: 10.1016/S0022-4073(03)00146-8 Rothman, L. S., et al. (2003) The HITRAN molecular spectroscopic database: edition of 2000 including updates through 2001. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 82, 5-44 metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 324fe59c-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:13.702800 metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk DRS_CMIP5_componentType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 311854c0-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:13.702910 Atmospheric Chemistry Atmospheric Chemistry Atmospheric chemistry consists of a scheme dedicated to sulphate aerosol production within the atmospheric sulphur cycle (Jones et al., 2001; Roberts and Jones, 2004). The scheme includes dry oxidation of dimethyl sulphide (DMS) by the hydroxyl radical (OH), ozone (O3) and hydroperoxyl (HO2) into sulphur dioxide (SO2), sulphate (SO4) and methanesulfonic acid (MSA), the latter acting as a sink of sulphur. The scheme also includes dry oxidation of SO2 by OH into SO4, and wet oxidation of SO2 by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and, if H2O2 is limiting, by O3 into SO4. H2O2 is replenished from sources of HO2. SO2, DMS, and three modes of aerosol-phase SO4 are model tracers. OH, O3, HO2, and H2O2 are prescribed as decadal monthly means taken from the HadGEM2-ES model, which includes interactive tropospheric chemistry. Atm Chem Key Properties Atmospheric Chemistry ChemSchemeScope ChemSchemeScope whole atmosphere BasicApproximations BasicApproximations see component description ListOfPrognosticVariables ListOfPrognosticVariables 3D mass/mixing ratio for gas NumberOfTracers NumberOfTracers 2 (SO2 and DMS) FamilyApproach FamilyApproach no CouplingWithChemicalReactivity CouplingWithChemicalReactivity no TimeSteppingFramework TimeSteppingFramework Method Method other oxidant_H202 oxidant_H202 hydrogen peroxide concentration units http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk cfName http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk oxidant_HO2 oxidant_HO2 Hydrogen peroxyl radical concentration units http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk cfName http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk oxidant_O3 oxidant_O3 Tropospheric and stratospheric ozone concentration units http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk cfName http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk oxidant_OH oxidant_OH Hydroxyl radical concentration units http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk cfName http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Bellouin 2011 Bellouin N, et al. (2011) TBA (submitted to J Geophys Res) Jones 2001 Jones A., D.L. Roberts, M.J. Woodage and C.E. Johnson (2001) Indirect sulphate aerosol forcing in a climate model with an interactive sulpher cycle.. J. Geophys Res., 106, 20293-20310. Atm Chem Emission And Conc Atmospheric Chemistry Emission and Concentration The emissions, tracers and oxidants included in HadGEM2-CC : Emissions: SO2 (source: CMIP5 datasets and volcanoes), DMS (land-based dataset, ocean-based interactive. Tracers: SO2, DMS Oxidants: OH, H2O2, HO2, O3 (all prescribed ) 2D-Emissions 2D-Emissions Method Method other SourceTypes SourceTypes anthropogenic other sea surface MethodCharacteristics MethodCharacteristics Prescribed monthly mean emissions (spatially non-uniform) linearly interpolated from CMIP5 emissions provided as decadal means. EmittedSpecies EmittedSpecies SO2 3D-Emissions 3D-Emissions Method Method other prescribed (climatology) SourceTypes SourceTypes volcanoes ClimatologyType ClimatologyType monthly ClimEmittedSpecies ClimEmittedSpecies OH, H2O2, HO2, O3 (concentrations) MethodCharacteristics MethodCharacteristics Prescribed monthly mean emissions (spatially non-uniform) EmittedSpecies EmittedSpecies SO2 Concentrations Concentrations PrescribedLowerBoundary PrescribedLowerBoundary n/a PrescribedUpperBoundary PrescribedUpperBoundary CH4 stratosphere Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 3516267e-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:13.925550 Atm Chem Gas Phase Chemistry Atmospheric Gas Phase Chemistry see description for "Atmospheric Chemistry" component AtmGasPhaseChemistryAttributes AtmGasPhaseChemistryAttributes Species Species HOx other Ox SOx SpeciesDetail SpeciesDetail SO2, DMS, OH, H2O2, HO2, O3 Processes Processes DryDeposition DryDeposition interactive WetDeposition WetDeposition yes Oxidation Oxidation yes WashOut-RainOut WashOut-RainOut below-cloud scavenging in-cloud scavenging NumOfReactionsAndSpecies NumOfReactionsAndSpecies NumberOfBimolecularReactions NumberOfBimolecularReactions 6 NumberOfTermolecularReactions NumberOfTermolecularReactions 0 NumberOfAdvectedSpecies NumberOfAdvectedSpecies 2 NumberOfSteadyStateSpecies NumberOfSteadyStateSpecies 0 Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 35a28f4c-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:14.013490 Atm Chem Heterogen Chemistry Atmospheric Chemistry Heterogenous Chemistry The atmospheric chemistry component of HadGEM2-CC does not include either tropospheric or stratospheric heterogeneous reactions Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Stratospheric Heter Chem Stratospheric Heterogeneous Chemistry Species Species GasPhase GasPhase other GasPhaseDetail GasPhaseDetail Includes water vapour from methane oxidation. Processes Processes Sedimentation Sedimentation no Coagulation Coagulation no NumOfReactionsAndSpecies NumOfReactionsAndSpecies NumberOfReactions NumberOfReactions N/A NumberOfAdvectedSpecies NumberOfAdvectedSpecies N/A NumberOfSteadyStateSpecies NumberOfSteadyStateSpecies N/A Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 35d8d160-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:14.102137 Tropospheric Heter Chem Tropospheric Heterogeneous Chemistry Species Species GasPhase GasPhase SO2, DMS, OH, H2O2, HO2, O3 Aerosol Aerosol sulphate Processes Processes DryDeposition DryDeposition Interactive WetDeposition WetDeposition yes WashOut-RainOut WashOut-RainOut in-cloud scavenging Coagulation Coagulation no NumOfReactionsAndSpecies NumOfReactionsAndSpecies NumberOfReactions NumberOfReactions 6 NumberOfAdvectedSpecies NumberOfAdvectedSpecies 2 NumberOfSteadyStateSpecies NumberOfSteadyStateSpecies N/A Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 35fdcc22-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:14.183953 metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 35d6c870-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:14.184019 Atm Chem Transport Atmospheric Chemistry Transport SchemeType SchemeType Semi-Lagrangian MassConservation MassConservation other Convection Convection convective fluxes connected to tracers DryMassConservation DryMassConservation formally conserved TracerAndMoistureConservation TracerAndMoistureConservation concentrations positivity and local adjustment, reset conservatively if necessary Turbulence Turbulence Type Type 3D CouplingWithChemicalReactivity CouplingWithChemicalReactivity no Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Davies 2005 Davies T., M. J. P. Cullen, A. J. Malcolm, M. H. Mawson, A. Staniforth, A. A. White, and N. Wood (2005) A new dynamical core for the Met Office's global and regional modelling of the atmosphere.. Quarterly Journal Royal Meteorology Society, 131, 1759-1782. Gregory 1990 Gregory J., and P.R. Rowntree (1990) A mass flux convection scheme with representation of cloud ensemble characteristics and stability - dependent closure.. Monthly Weather Review, 118, 1483-1506. Lock 2000 Lock A.P., A.R. Brown, M.R. Bush, G.M. Martin, R.N.B. Smith et al. (2000) A new boundary layer mixing scheme. Part I: scheme description and single column model tests.. Monthly Weather Review, American Meteorological Society, 128, 3187-3199. metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 34ca8eee-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:14.248619 metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk DRS_CMIP5_componentType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 34949c58-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:14.248718 Land Ice Land Ice The major ice sheets (Greenland and Antarctica), and minor ice caps (Ellesmere, Devon and Baffin islands, Iceland, Svalbard, Novaya and Severnaya Zemlya, and Stikine) are depicted as static ice. They are initialised with a snow depth of 50,000 mm of water equivalent. Further ablation or accumulation has an impact on sea level. Runoff follows the river routing scheme and enters the oceans at predefined river outflow points. Calving at the coastal boundaries is simulated through a fresh water flux to the ocean evenly distributed over the area of observed icebergs in both hemispheres. The value of the freshwater flux is calculated to exactly balance the time mean ice sheet surface mass balance over the preindustrial control simulation. Land Ice Key Properties Land Ice LandIceAlbedo LandIceAlbedo prescribed Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Johns_2006 Johns T.C., C.F. Durman, H.T. Banks, M.J. Roberts, A.J. McLaren, J.K. Ridley, C.A. Senior, K.D. Williams, A. Jones, G.J. Rickard, S. Cusack, W.J. Ingram, M. Crucifix, D.M.H. Sexton, M.M. Joshi, B-W. Dong, H. Spencer, R.S.R. Hill, J.M. Gregory, A.B. Keen, A.K. Pardaens, J.A. Lowe, A. Bodas-Salcedo, S (2006). "The new Hadley Centre climate model HadGEM1: Evaluation of coupled simulations." Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 19, No. 7, pages 1327-1353. Land Ice Glaciers Land Ice Glaciers DynamicArealExtent DynamicArealExtent no MassBalance MassBalance DownscalingTechnique DownscalingTechnique N/A Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 37676384-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:14.327676 Land Ice Sheet Land Ice Sheet MassBalance MassBalance DownscalingTechnique DownscalingTechnique N/A Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Ice Sheet Dynamics Ice Sheet Dynamics CouplingWithAtmosphere CouplingWithAtmosphere N/A Model-Numerics Model-Numerics IceStreams IceStreams no Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 3787a5e0-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:14.403699 metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 3785cb12-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:14.403759 Land Ice Shelves Land Ice Shelves MassBalance MassBalance DownscalingTechnique DownscalingTechnique N/A Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Land Ice Shelves Dynamics Land Ice Shelve Dynamics CouplingWithOcean CouplingWithOcean N/A Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 37c15a60-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:14.499013 metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 37beed34-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:14.499073 metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk DRS_CMIP5_componentType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 37247b3c-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:14.499158 Land Surface Land Surface The second version of the U.K. Met Office Surface Exchange Scheme (MOSES-II) (Cox et al. 1999; Essery et al. 2003) is used. This allows tiling of land surface heterogeneity using nine different surface types. A separate surface energy balance is calculated for each tile and area-weighted grid box mean fluxes are computed, which are thus much more realistic than when a single surface type is assumed. In addition, vegetation leaf area is allowed to vary seasonally, providing a more realistic representation of seasonal changes in surface fluxes. Tiling of coastal grid points allows separate treatment of land and sea fractions. This in combination with the increased ocean model resolution greatly improves the coastline, particularly in island regions. Land Surface Key Properties Land Surface BasicApproximations BasicApproximations Linearisation of the surface energy balance equations Genealogy Genealogy other CouplingWithAtmosphere CouplingWithAtmosphere implicit LandCoverTypes LandCoverTypes bare soil ice urban vegetated ListOfPrognosticVariables ListOfPrognosticVariables canopy heat content canopy skin temperature canopy snow content canopy water content snow albedo snow mass soil heat content soil ice content soil moisture soil temperature surface skin temperature Tiling Tiling common to all LS subcomponents TilingMethod TilingMethod dynamic ConservationOfProperties ConservationOfProperties WaterTreatment WaterTreatment All water sent to ocean (with a lag) LagOfWaterDischarge LagOfWaterDischarge simulated by river flow model TimeSteppingFramework TimeSteppingFramework Method Method use Atmosphere time step changing_anthro_land_use changing_anthro_land_use Time varying fractional mask of anthropogenic disturbance units http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk cfName http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk initial_land_use initial_land_use Prescribed fractions of urban areas, lakes, ice, broadleaf tree, needleleaf tree, C3 grass, C4 grass, shrub and bare soil units http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk cfName http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk well_mixed_gas_CO2 well_mixed_gas_CO2 CO2 concentrations prescribed as a single global constant provided as an annual number but interpolated in the model at each timestep. Provided as a mass mixing ratio with units of kg/kg. CO2 concentrations are passed to the model's radiation scheme, terrestrial carbon cycle and ocean carbon cycle. units http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk cfName http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Cox 1999 Cox P. M., R. A. Betts, C. B. Bunton, R. L. H. Essery, P. R. Rowntree, and J. Smith (1999) The impact of new land surface physics on the GCM simulation of climate and climate sensitivity.. Climate Dynamics., 15, 183-203. Essery 2003 Essery, R. L. H., Best, M. J., Betts, R. A., Cox, P. M., and Taylor, C. M. (2003) Explicit representation of subgrid heterogeneity in a GCM land-surface scheme J. Hydrometeorol., 43, 530-543. Land Surface Albedo Land Surface Albedo A bulk albedo is used for each of the surface types within the tile scheme. Non vegetation surfaces have a fixed specified snow free albedo. For vegetation the albedo is a combination of the bare soil albedo and the vegetation albedo, using Bear's law to determine the fraction of bare soil. The overall albedo then depends upon the amount of snow, varying between the snow free albedo and a specified deep snow albedo according to the depth of snow (Essery et al. 2001). SpecificTiling SpecificTiling yes SnowFreeAlbedo SnowFreeAlbedo Type Type prognostic FunctionOf FunctionOf vegetation state vegetation type Direct-Diffuse Direct-Diffuse no distinction between direct and diffuse albedo NumberOfWavelenghBands NumberOfWavelenghBands 1 SnowAlbedo SnowAlbedo Type Type prognostic FunctionOf FunctionOf vegetation type Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Essery 2001 http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/publications/HCTN/HCTN_30.pdf Essery R., M. Best, and P. Cox (2001) MOSES 2.2 technical documentation.. Hadley Centre Technical Note 30, 30 pp. metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 39de4ae2-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:14.676532 Land Surface Carbon Cycle Land Surface Carbon Cycle The land surface scheme simulates the storage of carbon in the terrestrial biosphere and its exchange with the atmosphere. Vegetation takes up carbon through photosynthesis and releases it through autotrophic respiration. The net balance (NPP) is allocated to root, wood and leaf carbon. Turnover of vegetation carbon falls as litter to the soil, which is representedf by the 4-pool soil carbon model RothC (Coleman and Jenkinson, 1999). Decomposition of soil organic material depends on a Q10 function of temperature (q10=2) and a function of soil moisture (Cox, 2001). Soil Soil Method Method heterotrophic respiration NumberOfCarbonPools NumberOfCarbonPools 4 ListOfCarbonPools ListOfCarbonPools DPM, RPM, BIO, HUM Permafrost Permafrost ListOfGases ListOfGases N/A Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Coleman 1999 Coleman K, Jenkinson D. S (1999) RothC-26.3, A Model for the Turnover of Carbon in Soil: Model Description and User's Guide Lawes Agricultural Trust, Harpenden, UK Cox 2001 http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/publications/HCTN/HCTN_24.pdf Cox, P.M. (2001) Description of the TRIFFID dynamic global vegetation model.. Hadley Centre Technical Note 24, Hadley Centre, Met Office, UK. Vegetation Carbon Cycle Vegetation Carbon Cycle NumberOfCarbonPools NumberOfCarbonPools 3 ListOfCarbonPools ListOfCarbonPools leaf, wood, root carbon. [These are diagnosed from the canopy height and LAI of the vegetation] Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Method Method carbon assimilation approach AutotrophicRespiration AutotrophicRespiration Method Method parametrized MaintenanceRespiration MaintenanceRespiration whole plant (no distinction) Allocation Allocation AllocationBins AllocationBins leaves + stems + roots AllocationFractions AllocationFractions function of vegetation type Phenology Phenology Method Method parametrized Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 3a124392-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:14.798132 metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 3a0e9c9c-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:14.798192 Land Surface Energy Balance Land Surface Energy Balance The surface energy balance is derived following the Penman-Montheith approach. This is extended to include thermal inertia for the surface and weakening of the coupling to the underlying soil through radiative processes (Essery et al. 2001). Surface heterogeneity is modelled using the tile approach, with a separate surface energy balance calculation for each tile. The temperature change associated with the outgoing longwave radiation is taken into account in the surface energy balance, but the net change to the radiative balance is not applied throughout the atmosphere. Instead it is assumed that the small changes to the longwave radiation pass through the atmosphere and are added to the top of atmosphere balance through an additional diagnostic. The surface is implicitly coupled to the atmosphere using the method of Best et al. (2004). SpecificTiling SpecificTiling yes NumberOfSurfaceTemperatures NumberOfSurfaceTemperatures 9 SubsurfaceTiling SubsurfaceTiling no SchemeMethod SchemeMethod TypeOfEvaporationFormulation TypeOfEvaporationFormulation combined Processes Processes transpiration Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Best 2004 Best, M.J., Beljaars, A., Polcher, J., Viterbo, P., (2004) A proposed structure for coupling tiled land-surfaces with the planetary boundary layer Journal of Hydrometeorology, 5, 1271-1278 Essery 2001 http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/publications/HCTN/HCTN_30.pdf Essery R., M. Best, and P. Cox (2001) MOSES 2.2 technical documentation.. Hadley Centre Technical Note 30, 30 pp. metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 39921c26-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:14.851456 Land Surface Lakes Land Surface Lakes Lakes are represented as a fixed, specified fraction of each gridbox. They provide a source of water to evaporate to the atmosphere but do not prognostically simulate water depth, storage or areal extent. Evaporated water from lakes is removed from soil moisture in unstressed regions. The model calculates the accumulated lake evaporation globally over a whole day and then applies an equal correction to all the 4 soil moisture levels for each grid box where the soil moisture is greater than the wilting point. CouplingWithRivers CouplingWithRivers no SchemeMethod SchemeMethod IceTreatment IceTreatment no LakesAlbedo LakesAlbedo other LakesDynamics LakesDynamics none DynamicLakesExtent DynamicLakesExtent no EndorheicBasins EndorheicBasins no Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 3a958dd8-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:14.899367 Land Surface Snow Land Surface Snow Snow at the land surface is represented with a single layer. This layer is merged with the first soil layer in such a way that if the total depth of snow is less than the thickness of the first soil layer, then the thermal properties become a linear weighting of those from the snow and soil. If the snow depth exceeds the first soil layer thickness, then this layer can increase in thickness and adopts only the snow thermal properties (Essery et al. 2001). SpecificTiling SpecificTiling yes NumberOfSnowLayers NumberOfSnowLayers 1 SchemeMethod SchemeMethod SnowAlbedo SnowAlbedo diagnostic SnowDensity SnowDensity constant SnowWaterEquivalent SnowWaterEquivalent prognostic SnowHeatContent SnowHeatContent other SnowTemperature SnowTemperature prognostic SnowCoverFractions SnowCoverFractions ground snow fraction vegetation snow fraction Processes Processes snow interception snow melting Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Essery 2001 http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/publications/HCTN/HCTN_30.pdf Essery R., M. Best, and P. Cox (2001) MOSES 2.2 technical documentation.. Hadley Centre Technical Note 30, 30 pp. metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 38ec22ee-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:14.972321 Land Surface Soil Land Surface Soil SoilMap SoilMap Texture Texture Soil properties are derived from fractions of clay, sand and silt defined in the datasets available from the IGBP DIS Structure Structure The soil has four layers of increasing thickness up to a depth of 3m each with the same soil properties. In addition there is a deeper layer (extending down to 6m below the surface) which has a saturated hydraulic conductivity which decreases exponentially with depth (Gedney and Cox, 2003) Albedo Albedo Derived from MODIS data as defined in Houldcroft et al. (2008) WaterTable WaterTable As described in Gedney and Cox (2003) Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Gedney 2003 Gedney, N., and Cox, P. M. (2003) The sensitivity of global climate model simulations to the representation of soil moisture heterogeneity J. Hydromet., 4, 6, 1265-1275 Houldcroft et al 2008 Houldcroft C., W. Grey, M. Barnsley, C. Taylor, S. Los and P. North (2008) New vegetation albedo parameters and global fields of background albedo derived from MODIS for use in a climate model. J. Hydrometeorology, Vol 10, No. 1, pp 183-198, doi:10.1175/2008JHM1021.1 Land Surf Soil Heat Treatment Land Surface Soil Heat Treatment SoilHeatTreatmentAttributes SoilHeatTreatmentAttributes SpecificTiling SpecificTiling no NumberOfGroundHeatLayers NumberOfGroundHeatLayers 4 Method Method HeatStorage HeatStorage Explicit diffusion Processes Processes soil moisture freeze-thaw Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 38bfb042-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:15.072904 Land Surf Soil Hydrology Land Surface Soil Hydrology The large-scale hydrology scheme (Gedney et al, 2003 and Clark and Gedney, 2008) is incorporated into the land surface soil hydrology. This allows for the deeper layers to become saturated and a water table to form. Deep run-off is lost through lateral flow below the water table. Excess (supersaturated) soil water (e.g. through snowmelt) is now drained into the soil layer below instead of simply run-off from the top layer. This increases soil moisture in the lower soil layers and so helps to reduce the water stress on vegetation following snowmelt in Northern Hemispheric continents. SoilHydrologyAttributes SoilHydrologyAttributes SpecificTiling SpecificTiling no NumberOfGroundWaterLayers NumberOfGroundWaterLayers 4 WaterStorageMethod WaterStorageMethod Explicit diffusion SoilMoistureFreezing SoilMoistureFreezing NumberOfGroundIceLayers NumberOfGroundIceLayers 4 IceStorageMethod IceStorageMethod Prognostic frozen fraction of saturation Permafrost Permafrost other Runoff-Drainage Runoff-Drainage Method Method differentiated drainage and runoff Processes Processes deep drainage infiltration excess runoff Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Clark 2008 Clark, D. B., and Gedney, N. (2008) Representing the effects of subgrid variability of soil moisture on runoff generation in a land surface model J. Geophys. Res., 113, D10, D10111. Gedney 2003 Gedney, N., and Cox, P. M. (2003) The sensitivity of global climate model simulations to the representation of soil moisture heterogeneity J. Hydromet., 4, 6, 1265-1275 metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 388eb19a-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:15.149333 metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 38897a68-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:15.149402 Land Surface Vegetation Land Surface Vegetation The land surface scheme represents 5 vegetation functional types (PFTs): broadleaf and needleleaf tree, C3 and C4 grass and shrub, the fractions of which can be specified or simulated by the model (Cox 2001). When simulated, fractional coverage of each PFT evolves due to competition between types based on carbon balance and available land area and is represented by Lotka-Voltera competition equations. As it does not explicitly simulate crop growth, crop areas are treated as natural grass. The impact of land-use is implemented by removing trees and shrubs in regions specified as agriculture. The representation of photosynthesis is that of Collatz et al. (1991) for C3-type photosynthesis and Collatz et al. (1992) for C4-type photosynthesis, as described in Cox et al. (1999). Photosynthesis is also directly sensitive to the leaf nitrogen concentrations (specified) and the leaf temperature. The phenological status alters the leaf area index (LAI) of the canopy and is soley a function of leaf temperature (with pre-specified tolerances to low temperatures) and includes the effects of leaf dropping and budburst in a way corresponding to a chill-day parametrization. It also includes a representation of the vertical profiles of light and nitrogen through the canopy (Mercardo et al., 2007). SpecificTiling SpecificTiling yes VegetationRepresentation VegetationRepresentation vegetation types VegetationTimeVariation VegetationTimeVariation dynamical (varying from simulation) Interception Interception yes VegetationTypes VegetationTypes broadleaf tree C3 grass C4 grass needleleaf tree other SchemeMethod SchemeMethod Phenology Phenology prognostic LAI LAI prognostic Biomass Biomass diagnostic BioGeography BioGeography prognostic StomatalResistanceFunctionOf StomatalResistanceFunctionOf CO2 light temperature water availability Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Clark 2008 Clark, D. B., and Gedney, N. (2008) Representing the effects of subgrid variability of soil moisture on runoff generation in a land surface model J. Geophys. Res., 113, D10, D10111. Collatz 1991 Collatz, G. J., Ball, J. T., Grivet, C., and Berry, J. A. (1991) Physiological and environmental-regulation of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration - a model that includes a laminar boundary-layer Agr. Forest Meteorol., 54, 107-136. Collatz 1992 Collatz, G. J., Ribas-Carbo, M., and Berry, J. A. (1992) Coupled photosynthesis-stomatal conductance model for leaves of C4 plants Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 19, 519-538. Cox 1999 Cox P. M., R. A. Betts, C. B. Bunton, R. L. H. Essery, P. R. Rowntree, and J. Smith (1999) The impact of new land surface physics on the GCM simulation of climate and climate sensitivity.. Climate Dynamics., 15, 183-203. Cox 2001 http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/publications/HCTN/HCTN_24.pdf Cox, P.M. (2001) Description of the TRIFFID dynamic global vegetation model.. Hadley Centre Technical Note 24, Hadley Centre, Met Office, UK. Gedney 2003 Gedney, N., and Cox, P. M. (2003) The sensitivity of global climate model simulations to the representation of soil moisture heterogeneity J. Hydromet., 4, 6, 1265-1275 Mercado 2007 Mercado, L. M., Huntingford, C., Gash, J. H. C., Cox, P. M., and Jogireddy, V. (2007) Improving the representation of radiation interception and photosynthesis for climate model applications. Tellus, 59B, 553-565. metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 394e2d36-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:15.228842 River Routing Land Surface River Routing Realistic river flow is important for the freshwater contribution to the thermohaline circulation. The new Total Runoff Integrating Pathways (TRIP) dynamic river routing scheme (Oki and Sud 1998) advects runoff along prescribed channels using an embedded 1degree x 1degree river transport submodel. All rivers flow with an effective velocity of 0.4 m/s and a meander ratio of 1.4. River outflow to the ocean is included. Ancillary files specify 'inland basins' in which the river flows into an inland delta and the moisture enters the soil column. The model also allows for inland basins to be defined seperately, and spreads water proportionately over the river outflow points. SpecificTiling SpecificTiling yes Resolution Resolution independent NumberOfReservoirs NumberOfReservoirs 1 ListOfPrognosticVariables ListOfPrognosticVariables water CouplingWithAtmosphere CouplingWithAtmosphere yes DrainageMap DrainageMap present-day QuantitiesExchangedWithAtmosphere QuantitiesExchangedWithAtmosphere water OceanicDischarge OceanicDischarge Type Type direct (large rivers) QuantitiesTransported QuantitiesTransported water Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Oki 1998 Oki T., and Y.C. Sud (1998) Design of the Total Runoff Integrating Pathways [TRIP] - A global river channel network.. Earth Interactions, 2. metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 3a6bfde2-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:15.329765 metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk DRS_CMIP5_componentType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 38218958-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:15.329889 Ocean Ocean The ocean component is based on the Bryan-Cox code (Bryan 1969; Cox 1984) and follows the ocean component of HadGEM1 (Johns et al., 2006) very closely. The model uses a latitude-longitude grid with a zonal resolution of 1 degree, and a meridional resolution of 1 degree between the poles and 30 degrees, from which it increases smoothly to 0.333 degrees at the equator - giving a grid of 360 x 216 points. It has 40 unevenly spaced levels in the vertical, with enhanced resolution near the surface better to resolve the mixed layer and thermocline. The forward timestep period is 1 hour, with a mixing timestep of once per day. HadGEM2 uses a bathymetry derived from the Smith and Sandwell (1997) 1/30 degrees depth dataset merged with ETOPO5 (1988) 1/12 degrees data at high latitudes, interpolated to the model grid and smoothed using a five-point (1:4:1) two-dimensional filter. Where this procedure obstructs important narrow pathways (e.g., Denmark Strait, Faroes-Shetland Channel, Vema Channel, and around the Indonesian archipelago), the bathymetry is adjusted to allow some flow at realistic depths (with reference to Thompson 1995). The land masks for the ocean grid differs from that used for the atmosphere model, due to the differences in model resolutions. To enable daily coupling between the models a tiling scheme has been introduced. For each atmosphere grid box, fractions of the fluxes can be coupled to land, sea and sea ice models so that the total flux is conserved - though locally the flux may not be conserved so diagnosis can be difficult. The only ancillary flux used by the ocean model is to enable a balance in the freshwater flux to be maintained, since the accumulation of frozen water on land is not returned into the freshwater cycle, i.e there is no representation of icebergs calving off ice shelves. The ancillary flux is used to add freshwater back into the model, calibrated from a HadGEM2 reference integration to give a balanced freshwater budget. Ocean Key Properties Ocean The sea water formulation of the equation of state is following that of UNESCO. ModelFamily ModelFamily OGCM BasicApproximations BasicApproximations Boussinesq non-hydrostatic ListOfPrognosticVariables ListOfPrognosticVariables potential temperature salinity SSH U-velocity V-velocity SeaWater SeaWater EquationOfState EquationOfState other FreezingPoint FreezingPoint fixed SpecificHeat SpecificHeat fixed FreezingPointValue FreezingPointValue -1.8 SpecificHeatValue SpecificHeatValue 3988.0 Non-OceanicWater Non-OceanicWater RiverMouthMixing RiverMouthMixing Addition of surface freshwater at river mouth IsolatedSeasMixing IsolatedSeasMixing yes Bathymetry Bathymetry BathymetryType BathymetryType fixed ReferenceDate ReferenceDate present-day HorizontalDiscretization HorizontalDiscretization SchemeMethod SchemeMethod finite differences PoleSingularityTreatment PoleSingularityTreatment artificial island Staggering Staggering Arakawa B-grid TimeSteppingFramework TimeSteppingFramework Tracers Tracers Leap-frog + Asselin filter BarotropicSolver BarotropicSolver Leap-frog + Asselin filter BaroclinicMomentum BaroclinicMomentum Leap-frog + Asselin filter TimeStep TimeStep 3600 well_mixed_gas_CO2 well_mixed_gas_CO2 CO2 concentrations prescribed as a single global constant provided as an annual number but interpolated in the model at each timestep. Provided as a mass mixing ratio with units of kg/kg. CO2 concentrations are passed to the model's ocean carbon cycle. units http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk cfName http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Bryan 1969 Bryan K., (1969) A numerical method for the study of the circulation of the world ocean.. Journal of Computational Physics, 4, 347-376 Cox 1984 Cox M.D., (1984) A primitive equation, three dimensional model of the ocean.. Ocean Group Technical Report 1, GFDL, Princeton. Johns_2006 Johns T.C., C.F. Durman, H.T. Banks, M.J. Roberts, A.J. McLaren, J.K. Ridley, C.A. Senior, K.D. Williams, A. Jones, G.J. Rickard, S. Cusack, W.J. Ingram, M. Crucifix, D.M.H. Sexton, M.M. Joshi, B-W. Dong, H. Spencer, R.S.R. Hill, J.M. Gregory, A.B. Keen, A.K. Pardaens, J.A. Lowe, A. Bodas-Salcedo, S (2006). "The new Hadley Centre climate model HadGEM1: Evaluation of coupled simulations." Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 19, No. 7, pages 1327-1353. Ocean Advection Ocean Advection A pseudo fourth-order advection scheme (Pacanowski and Griffies 1998) is used, which is more accurate and generates less grid-scale noise than a second-order scheme, and includes upstream mixing at the ocean bottom to improve model stability there. A simple semi-implicit representation of linear bottom friction is included which removes momentum at the ocean bottom depending on the magnitude of the velocities found there. Momentum Momentum SchemeName SchemeName Second order centred, leapfrog SchemeType SchemeType Flux form LateralTracers LateralTracers SchemeType SchemeType Centred 4th order MonotonicFluxLimiter MonotonicFluxLimiter no VerticalTracers VerticalTracers SchemeType SchemeType Centred 2nd order MonotonicFluxLimiter MonotonicFluxLimiter no Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Pacanowski 1998 Pacanowski R. C., and S. M. Griffies (1998) MOM 3.0 manual.. NOAA/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, 692 pp. metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 3d11fa9c-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:15.554033 Ocean Boundary Forcing Ocean Boundary Forcing Scheme described in Ocean component. Momentum Momentum BottomFriction BottomFriction non-linear LateralFriction LateralFriction no-slip SurfaceFluxCorrection SurfaceFluxCorrection no Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Ocean Bound Forcing Tracers Ocean Boundary Forcing Tracers A two band scheme for sunlight penetration is used (one more penetrative) from Paulson and Simpson (1977), assuming pure water type 1B with coefficients adjusted . There is no reference salinity, instead salinity limits are applied: 5-45 psu. An enhancement of the vertical and horizontal diffusion in the ocean wherever a river outflow occurs has been introduced to correct a known systematic salty bias close to the Amazon at a depth of 150m. SunlightPenetration SunlightPenetration SchemeType SchemeType 2 extinction depths OceanColorDependent OceanColorDependent no SurfaceSalinity SurfaceSalinity FromAtmosphere FromAtmosphere freshwater flux FromSeaIce FromSeaIce freshwater flux FromRiver FromRiver freshwater flux Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Paulson 1977 Paulson C. A., and J. J. Simpson (1977) Irradiance Measurements in the Upper Ocean.. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 7, 952-956. metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 3ea43d20-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:15.640319 metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 3ea21392-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:15.640378 Ocean Lateral Physics Ocean Lateral Physics Isopycnal diffusivity takes a constant value of 500 m2 s-1 using the Griffies et al. (1998) scheme; the Gent and McWilliams (1990) adiabatic mixing scheme in the skew flux form (Griffies 1998) is used with a spatially and temporally varying coefficient (Visbeck et al. 1997; Roberts 2004), a minimum value of 150 m2s-1 and maximum of 2000 m2s-1, and spatial distribution with higher values in the western boundary currents and Antarctic Circumpolar Current. The biharmonic adiabatic scheme of Roberts and Marshall (1998) is used with a coefficient of 1.0e+12 cos3(latitude) m4 s-1. The cos(latitude) factor is required for numerical reasons owing to the convergence of meridians at high latitude. Horizontally aligned biharmonic tracer mixing in the top 20m (top two model layers), with coefficient 2.5e+12 cos3(latitude) m4 s-1 is included to partially represent enhanced mixing at the ocean surface. Momentum diffusion uses both a modified Laplacian scheme with a coefficient of 750(1-cos(latitude)) m2s-1 (modified to reduce the westward currents on the equator, giving better agreement with observations) and a biharmonic scheme with coefficient 1.0e+13 cos3(lat) m4 s-1. Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Griffies 1998 Griffies S. M., (1998) The Gent-McWilliams skew flux.. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 28, 831-841. Griffies et al. 1998 Griffies S. M., A. Gnanadesikan, R. C. Pacanowski, V. D. Larichev, J. K. Dukowicz, and R. D. Smith (1998) Isoneutral diffusion in a z-coordinate ocean model.. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 28, 805-830. Roberts 1998 Roberts M. J., and D. Marshall (1998) Do we require adiabatic dissipation schemes in eddy-resolving ocean models?. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 28, 2050-2063. Visbeck 1997 Visbeck M., J. Marshall, T. Haine, and M. Spall (1997) Specification of eddy transfer coefficients in coarse-resolution ocean circulation models. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 27, 381-402. Ocean Lateral Phys Momentum Ocean Lateral Physics Momentum Operator Operator Direction Direction geopotential Order Order bi-harmonic (fourth order) Discretization Discretization second order EddyViscosityCoefficient EddyViscosityCoefficient CoefficientType CoefficientType space varying MinimalBackgroundValue MinimalBackgroundValue 0 SpatialVariation SpatialVariation latitude Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Dukowicz 1994 Dukowicz J. K., and R. D. Smith (1994) Implicit free surface method for the Bryan-Cox-Semtner ocean model.. Journal of Geophysical Research, C4, 7991-8014. metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 3d71226a-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:15.722869 Ocean Lateral Phys Tracers Ocean Lateral Physics Tracers The active tracers (temperature and salinity) are advected using a fourth-order scheme. The operator order is a combination of harmonic and bi-harmonic MesoscaleClosure MesoscaleClosure yes Operator Operator Direction Direction isopycnal Order Order other Discretization Discretization second order EddyViscosityCoefficient EddyViscosityCoefficient CoefficientType CoefficientType constant BackgroundValue BackgroundValue 0 CoefficientValue CoefficientValue 500 Eddy-inducedVelocity Eddy-inducedVelocity SchemeType SchemeType GM scheme FluxType FluxType skew flux AddedDiffusivity AddedDiffusivity constant CoefficientType CoefficientType diagnostic Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 3d972cbc-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:15.841287 Ocean Straits Ocean Straits There is a parameterisation of flow into three marginal seas where the passages are not resolved by the model grid. Mediterranean water is partially mixed with Atlantic water across the Strait of Gibraltar (constant flux of 0.4Sv over the top 80m and out at 600m). The Red Sea has 0.2Sv fluxed in over the top 20m and out at 40-60m. The Persian Gulf has 0.1Sv fluxed in over the top 20m and out at 40-60m. The flux volumes used are based on observed values, although the Mediterranean value was reduced because the model does not represent many of the mixing processes that would modulate the water as it flows over the sill. Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC submetaforhttp://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 3deb8f00-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:15.856525 metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 3d6b1316-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:15.856600 Ocean Up And Low Boundaries Ocean Boundaries FreeSurface FreeSurface Type Type linear implicit Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 3e83941c-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:15.899374 Ocean Vertical Physics Ocean Vertical Physics Convective mixing in the model uses the Rahmstorf (1993) full convection scheme. The equation of state remains the UNESCO 1981 polynomial approximation. There are limits on the model surface salinity which is not allowed to go outside the range 5 - 45 psu. The vertical tracer diffusivity has been lowered in the upper 1000m of the ocean to the edge of the uncertainty range. This has the effect of reducing mixing with the cooler subsurface water, increasing the SSTs and alleviating the subsurface cooling in the tropics. Convection Convection non-penetrative convective adjustment Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Moum 1986 Moum J.N., and T.R. Osborn (1986) Mixing in the main thermocline. Journal of Physical Oceanography, Vol 16, Issue 7, pp1250-1259. Rahmstorf 1993 Rahmstorf S., (1993) A fast and complete convection scheme for ocean models. Ocean Modelling, 101, 9-11. Roether 1994 Roether W., V. M. Roussenov and R. Well (1994) A trace study of the thermohaline circulation of the eastern Mediterranean.. In: Malanotte-Rizzoli P, Robinson AR (eds) Ocean Processes in climate dynamics, global and Mediterranean example, Kluwer Academic Press, Dordrecht, pp 371-394. Ocean Interior Mixing Ocean Interior Mixing Scheme described in Ocean Mixed Layer Component Tracers Tracers SchemeType SchemeType other BackgroundType BackgroundType vertical profile Momentum Momentum SchemeType SchemeType other BackgroundType BackgroundType constant value BackgroundCoefficient BackgroundCoefficient 0.00002 Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 3e2b6fd0-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:15.976528 Ocean Mixed Layer Ocean Mixed Layer The mixed layer is represented by the Kraus and Turner (1967) bulk mixed layer for tracers, together with a quadratic representation of the Large et al. (1994) scheme for momentum mixing in the mixed layer. Vertical mixing beneath the mixed layer is performed by the Peters et al. (1988) scheme; this is a Richardson-number dependent scheme, and its parameters have been altered to better fit the observed data in their paper by Cusack (2004). This change reduces the excessive noise near the ocean surface. There is also a modification to the standard vertical mixing scheme to enhance the mixing at the base of the mixed layer, to increase the communication between the ocean surface and the deeper layers and make the profile more similar to that observed. Tracers Tracers SchemeType SchemeType other BackgroundCoefficient BackgroundCoefficient 0.00001 Momentum Momentum SchemeType SchemeType other BackgroundValue BackgroundValue 0.00002 Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Kraus 1967 Kraus E. B., and J. S. Turner (1967) A one-dimensional model of the seasonal thermocline, Part II.. Tellus, 19, 98-105. Large 1994 Large W. G., J. C. McWilliams and S.C. Doney (1994) Ocean vertical mixing: A review and a non-local boundary layer parameterization. Reviews of Geophysics, 32, 363-403. Peters 1988 Peters H., M. C. Gregg, and J. M. Toole (1988) On the parameterization of equatorial turbulence. Journal of Geophysical Research, 93, 1199-1218. metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 3e02936c-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:16.030518 metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 3dfba99e-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:16.030583 metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk DRS_CMIP5_componentType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 3c4fd2c8-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:16.030686 Ocean Biogeo Chemistry Ocean Biogeo Chemistry There is a simple prognostic ecosystem model (the Diat-HadOCC model), with three nutrients (combined nitrate and ammonium, dissolved silicate and dissolved iron), two phytoplankton (diatoms and other phytoplankton), one zooplankton and three detrital compartments (detrital nitrogen, detrital carbon and detrital silicate). There are also two prognostic tracers that are only used in a diagnostic capacity (i.e. their concentrations are affected by, but do not affect, the other compartments): these are dissolved ammonium and dissolved oxygen. Nitrogen is used as the model currency. The diatoms have a variable silicate:nitrate ratio, so diatom silicate is another compartment. All three of the detrital compartments sink with a constant velocity, and are remineralised at a rate that is depth-dependent The zooplankton and both phytoplankton compartments have fixed elemental carbon:nitrogen ratios which allow the flows of carbon through the ecosystem to be linked to the corresponding nitrogen flows. As well as the ecosystem compartments listed above dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TAlk) are included as prognostic tracers. Those two compartments, along with the model temperature and salinity, are used to calculate the ocean surface pCO2, the air-sea flux of CO2 and the ocean pH. The air-sea fluxes of CO2 and DMS are each calculated every ocean time-step and their daily means are passed through the coupler to the atmosphere each day. Ocean Bio Key Properties Ocean Biogeo Chemistry Ocean Bio Time Step Framework Ocean Bio Time Step Framework PassiveTracers PassiveTracers Method Method use Ocean transport time step Biology Biology Method Method use ocean transport time step BasicApproximations BasicApproximations Eulerian model, N3 P2 Z1 D1 ecosystem; no diel cycle, constant detrital sinking rate, constant (carbonate) rain ratio ListOfPrognosticVariables ListOfPrognosticVariables Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (nitrate+ammonia); dissolved silicate; dissolved iron; diatoms; other phytoplankton; zooplankton; diatom silicate; detrital nitrogen; detrital carbon; detrital silicate; dissolved inorganic carbon; total alkalinity; dissolved oxygen. BioGeoTracersDamping BioGeoTracersDamping ListOfTracers ListOfTracers None LatMin LatMin n/a LatMax LatMax n/a LonMin LonMin n/a LonMax LonMax n/a UpperLevel UpperLevel n/a LowerLevel LowerLevel n/a Transport Transport Method Method online, different from Ocean Tracers MethodCharacteristics MethodCharacteristics UTOPIA with flux-limiter Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Ocean Bio Boundary Forcing Ocean Biogeo Chemistry Boundary Forcing There are no exchanges of biogeochemical variables with the land (including rivers), with sea-ice or with the sea-floor sediments (which are not included in the model). Only the air-sea interface has any forcing for the ocean biogeochemistry directly. Dust from the atmospheric model is deposited on the ocean and absorbed in the top layer; its soluble iron content is added to the dissolved iron in the water and is available for biological uptake and can be transported like any other ocean tracer. In the atmospheric model the rate of dust deposition is calculated in six size classes and by four deposition processes, but on being passed to the ocean all these combinations are summed to get the total deposition. DMS is passed from the ocean to the atmosphere, but the atmospheric concentration is assumed to be zero in the calculation so there is no air-to-sea flux. In the case of CO2 the flux is calculated in both directions, with the atmospheric pCO2 required for the calculation being prescribed as specified in the CMIP5 protocols. For both DMS and CO2 the piston velocity uses the 10m wind-speed, passed from the atmosphere. In the case of dissolved oxygen, which is a prognostic tracer but whose concentration does not affect any other biogeochemical process, the surface ocean layer is assumed to be 3% over-saturated, the saturation being determined according to Equation 8 on p1310 of Garcia and Gordon (1992), modified by removing the incorrect term on the first line as indicated in the o2sato.f function in the OCMIP-2 Biotic-HOWTO document (www.ipsl.jussieu.fr/OCMIP/). The flux is determined by the change in the top-layer ocean concentration required to achieve that oversaturation, and is applied to the ocean concentration but not the atmosphere, and no forcing from the atmosphere is required. More details of the gas exchange formulations is given in the Ocean Bio Gas Exchange component. Note that all information passed from the atmosphere is passed through the coupler, which is called every 24 hours. AtmosphericDeposition AtmosphericDeposition other Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Garcia 1992 Garcia, H.E. & Gordon, L.I. (1992) Oxygen solubility in seawater: Better fitting equations. Limnol. Oceanogr., 37, 1307-1312 metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 3b1e0776-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:16.175717 Ocean Bio Chemistry Ocean Bio Chemistry As well as the ocean carbon chemistry (described in the Ocean Bio Gas Exchange component), calcium carbonate is formed in proportion to the growth of the other non-diatom phytoplankton The total calcium carbonate formed in a water-column in a time-step is instantly re-dissolved with a constant depth profile in the level containing the 2300 m depth contour and in all levels below that but above the sea-floor (no calcium carbonate is formed in water-columns that are shallower than 2300 m). CarbonChemistry CarbonChemistry pH-scale pH-scale sea water CarbonChemConstants CarbonChemConstants DOE(1994) (for K1, K2, Kw, and Kb) Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC DoE 1994 US Dept. of Energy. (1994) Handbook of methods for the analysis of the various parameters of the carbon dioxide system in sea water; version 2. Dickson, A.G. & Goyet, C., editors, ORNL/CDIAC-74 metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 3c371f12-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:16.204794 Ocean Bio Gas Exchange Ocean Bio Gas Exchange The gasses exchanged between the ocean and atmosphere are DMS (only ocean to air) and CO2 (both directions). Oxygen is not passed between ocean and atmosphere although it exists as a tracer in both models and the ocean tracer has a surface boundary condition as described in the preceding section Ocean Bio Boundary Forcing. For both DMS and CO2 the air-sea flux is calculated each (ocean) time-step in the ocean model and applied to the appropriate ocean tracers; the daily mean flux is passed through the coupler (once a day) to the atmospheric model. In the case of DMS there is no attempt to model the sulphur cycle in the ocean, a simple parameterisation being used to calculate the surface ocean concentration of DMS and thence the flux out of the ocean. The parameterisation used is that of Simo and Dachs (2002), which sets the DMS concentration as a function of chlorophyll divided by the mixed layer depth while that ratio is greater than 0.02 mg-Chla/m^2, and as a function of the log of the mixed layer depth otherwise. However, here in the latter case if the mixed layer is more than 182.536 m the scheme of Aranami & Tsunogai (2004), which make the DMS concentration inversely proportional to the mixed layer depth, is used to avoid negative concentrations. In all cases the chlorophyll is calculated from the non-diatom phytoplankton concentration only, and the mixed layer depth is calculated according to the 0.5C temperature criterion. The Schmidt number for DMS is calculated according to Saltzman et al. (1993). In the case of CO2 the atmospheric pCO2 (time-varying and prescribed according to CMIP5 protocols) is converted from partial pressure (in ppmv) to Moles-C/kg-seawater using the solubility parameterisation of Weiss (1974). The concentration of carbonic acid ([H2CO3], taken to include dissolved CO2 gas) is calculated from the model DIC and TAlk concentrations and the model temperature and salinity. The definition of TAlk used is [HCO3(-)] + 2[CO3(2-)] + [B(OH)4(-)] + [OH(-)] [H(+)], and so the calculation of [H(+)] and then [H2CO3] requires the constants K1, K2, Kb and Kw. The formulae for all these constants can be found in DOE (1994), with the K1 and K2 constants coming originally from Roy et al. (1993) and the boric acid dissociation constant Kb from Dickson (1990) The total boron concentration is linked to salinity as in Peng et al. (1987). [H(+)] is found using the iterative secant method of similar triangles following Bacastow (1981). The Schmidt number for CO2 is calculated following Table A1 in Wanninkhof (1992), which itself uses experimental results from Jahne et al. (1987). The wind-speed dependence of the piston velocity follows Wanninkhof (1992) and uses the 0.31 coefficient value. CO2 CO2 Present Present yes SchemeType SchemeType Wanninkhof O2 O2 Present Present yes SchemeType SchemeType Wanninkhof DMS DMS Present Present yes SchemeType SchemeType Wanninkhof N2 N2 Present Present no N2O N2O Present Present no CO CO Present Present no Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Aranami 2004 doi:10.1029/2003JD004288 Aranami, K. & Tsunogai, S. (2004) Seasonal and regional comparison of oceanic and atmospheric dimethylsulfide in the northern North Pacific: Dilution effects on its concentration during winter J. Geophys. Res., 109, D12303, Bacastow 1981 Bacastow, R. (1981) Numerical evaluation of the evasion factor, pp95-101 in: Scope 16: Carbon Cycle Modelling Bolin, B., editor, John Wiley, New York Dickson 1990 Dickson, A.G. (1990) Thermodynamics of the dissociation of boric acid in synthetic seawater from 273.15 to 318.15 K, Deep-Sea Res., 37, 755-766 DoE 1994 US Dept. of Energy. (1994) Handbook of methods for the analysis of the various parameters of the carbon dioxide system in sea water; version 2. Dickson, A.G. & Goyet, C., editors, ORNL/CDIAC-74 Jahne 1987 Jahne, B., Heinz, G. & Dietrich, W. (1987) Measurement of the diffusion coefficients of sparingly soluble gases in water with a modified Barrer method, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 10,767-10,776 Peng 1987 Peng, T.-H., Takahashi, T., Broecker, W.S. & Olafsson J. (1987) Seasonal variability of carbon dioxide, nutrients and oxygen in the northern North Atlantic surface water: observations and a model, Tellus, 39B, 439-458 Roy 1993 Roy, R.N., Roy, L.N., Vogel, K.M., Porter-Moore, C.,Pearson, T., Good, C.E., Millero, F.J. & Campbell, D.M. (1993) The dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater at salinities 5 to 45 and temperatures 0 to 45C, Mar. Chem., 44, 249-267 Saltzman 1993 Saltzman, E.S., King, D.B., Holmen, K. & Leck, C. (1993) Experimental Determination of the Diffusion Coefficient of Dimethylsulfide in Water J. Geophys. Res., 98C, 16481-16486 Simo 2002 doi:10.1029/2001GB001829 Simo, R. & Dachs, J. (2002) Global ocean emission of dimethylsulfide predicted from biogeophysical data, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 16(4), 1018 Wanninkhof 1992 Wanninkhof, R. (1992) Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 97C, 7373-7382 Weiss 1974 Weiss, R.F. (1974) Carbon dioxide in water and seawater: The solubility of a non-ideal gas. Mar. Chem., 2, 203-215 metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 3b2f1b10-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:16.313545 Ocean Bio Tracers Ocean Bio Tracers The fourteen ocean biogeochemical tracers are: dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC); total alkalinity (TAlk); dissolved oxygen; and the eleven ocean ecosystem tracers, as described in the Ocean Bio Tracers Ecosystem component including dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), dissolved silicate, total dissolved iron, diatom nitrogen, diatom silicate, other non-diatom phytoplankton nitrogen, zooplankton nitrogen, detrital nitrogen, detrital carbon, detrital silicate and dissolved ammonium. Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC): equal to [H2CO3] + [HCO3(-)] + [CO3(2-)],here [H2CO3] is taken to include both carbonic acid and dissolved CO2 gas. It is taken up, in a fixed ratio to nitrogen, by diatoms and other non-diatom phytoplankton during growth (but does not limit their rates of growth). It is recycled through the natural mortalities of diatoms, other non-diatom phytoplankton and zooplankton, zooplankton respiration and messy feeding and by remineralisation of detrital carbon. It has an exchange with the atmosphere, as defined in the Ocean Bio Gas Exchange component Units are mMoles-C/m3; Total alkalinity (TAlk): defined as [HCO3(-)] + 2[CO3(2-)] + [B(OH)4(-)] + [OH(-)] [H(+)]. Biological processes affect TAlk in two ways: when one unit of DIN is taken up (or released) one unit of TAlk is released (taken up), following Goldman and Brewer (1980), and when one unit of calcium carbonate is formed (or dissolved) two units of TAlk are taken up (released). Units are mEquivalents/m^3; Dissolved oxygen: when one unit of DIC is taken up (or released) by biology (except for calcium carbonate formation or dissolution), one unit of dissolved oxygen is released (taken up). The surface ocean boundary condition for dissolved oxygen is described in Ocean Bio Boundary Forcing component. Units are nMoles-O2/m^3. SulfurCycle SulfurCycle no Nutrients Nutrients ListOfSpecies ListOfSpecies Iron (Fe) Nitrogen (N) Silicium (Si) DisolvedOrganicMatter DisolvedOrganicMatter Lability Lability no BacteriaRepresentation BacteriaRepresentation no Particules Particules Method Method prognostic TypesOfParticules TypesOfParticules BSi PIC (calcite) POC SizeSpectrum SizeSpectrum no SinkingSpeed SinkingSpeed other Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Goldman 1980 Goldman, J.C. & Brewer, P.G. (1980) Effect of nitrogen source and growth rate on phytoplankton-mediated changes in alkalinity Limnol. Oceanogr., 25, 352-357 Ocean Bio Tracers Ecosystem Ocean Bio Tracers Ecosystem The eleven ocean ecosystem tracers are: a) Nutrients: - dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN): the sum of dissolved nitrate (and nitrite) and ammonium; units mMoles-N/m^3. The initial field at the start of the spinup was from the World Ocean Atlas (2005). Taken up by diatoms and other non-diatom phytoplankton, recycled from those compartments and from zooplankton and detrital nitrogen. - dissolved ammonium: optional prognostic tracer, but the rate of diatom and other non-diatom phytoplankton growth rates do not depend on its concentration because they depend on DIN, which includes dissolved ammonia. The cycle of dissolved ammonia is calculated in parallel with that of DIN, so that the cycle of dissolved nitrate (which is not a tracer, but the difference between DIN and ammonium) can be inferred. Units are mMoles-N/m^3. - dissolved silicate: taken up by diatoms for shell formation, recycled from detrital silicate (by dissolution). Units are mMoles-Si/m^3. - dissolved iron: taken up by diatoms and other non-diatom phytoplankton, recycled from those compartments and from zooplankton (no iron is present in detritus). Atmospheric dust deposited on the ocean is a source of dissolved iron. Although all the dissolved iron is available for biological uptake only the free (non-complexed) iron can be adsorbed onto (implicit) mineral particles and removed permanently from the model ocean. To calculate the partition between free and complexed iron a constant density of total (free and complexed) ligand and a partition constant are assumed. Units are uMoles-Fe/m^3. b) Living organisms: - diatoms: described in terms of their nitrogen content (units: mMoles-N/m^3). Their growth is limited by [DIN], dissolved silicate and light. They are subject to predation by the zooplankton and to natural mortality, and they sink at 1 m/day. The rate at which they take up silicate is a factor times the DIN uptake rate, the factor being a function of the dissolved iron concentration with a high Si:N ratio where iron is a limiting nutrient. - diatom silicate: because the Si:N uptake ratio varies, the Si:N ratio in diatoms also varies so this has to be a separate prognostic variable. Its source is the uptake of dissolved silicate during diatom growth, and it become detrital silicate when the diatom dies by predation or natural mortality. It sinks at 1 m/day, like the diatoms. Units are mMoles-Si/m^3. - other non-diatom phytoplankton: also described in terms of their nitrogen content (units: mMoles-N/m^3). They represent all phytoplankton except those that are diatoms. Their growth is limited by [DIN] and light. They are subject to predation by zooplankton and to natural mortality. They do not sink. They have a lower maximum growth rate than diatoms, but it is reduced less by iron limitation. Calcium carbonate is formed in proportion to the growth rate of this compartment (it is recognised that not all non-diatom phytoplankton calcify, and this is accounted for in the proportionality). - zooplankton: are described in terms of their nitrogen content (units: mMoles-N/m^3). They feed on diatoms, other non-diatom phytoplankton and detritus (detrital nitrogen and detrital carbon). They have dynamic feeding preferences which depend on the relative concentrations of the prey following Fasham et al. (1990). The base preference for diatoms varies with the degree of iron limitation, to represent the observed effect that iron-limited diatoms are more heavily silicified and so less appetising to predators. The rate of feeding depends on the absolute prey concentration, weighted by preference. The zooplankton respire (with a corresponding excretion of nitrogen to balance their carbon:nitrogen ratio) and suffer natural mortality, the latter term implicitly including the effects of higher trophic levels. c) Other particles: - detrital carbon, detrital nitrogen: are described in terms of their carbon and nitrogen contents respectively (units: mMoles-C/m^3, mMoles-N/m^3), and represent the elemental fractions of detrital particles. Their sources are (fractions of) the natural mortalities of diatoms, other non-diatom phytoplankton and zooplankton, and messy feeding and egestion of un-assimilated food by zooplankton. They sink at a constant speed, 10 m/day. They are remineralised to DIC or DIN at a specific rate that is inversely proportional to depth (up to an absolute maximum specific rate). If they sink to the sea-floor they are instantly remineralised and the products evenly spread over the bottom three levels of the water-column. - detrital silicate: its source is the natural mortality of diatoms and their predation by zooplankton. It sinks at a constant speed of 10 m/day, and returns to dissolved silicate at a constant specific rate (which is depth-independent). Any that reaches the sea-floor is instantly remineralised and the resulting dissolved silicate spread over the bottom three levels of the water-column. Units are mMoles-Si/m^3. UpperTrophicLevels UpperTrophicLevels no Phytoplancton Phytoplancton Type Type generic Zooplancton Zooplancton Type Type generic Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Fasham 1990 Fasham, M.J.R., Ducklow, H.W. & McKelvie, S.M. (1990) A nitrogen-based model of plankton dynamics in the oceanic mixed layer J. Mar. Res., 48, 591-639 metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 3bafd430-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:16.435389 metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 3bac2010-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:16.435448 metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk DRS_CMIP5_componentType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 3ac00180-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:16.435541 Sea Ice SeaIce The sea-ice model is split between the atmosphere and ocean model components. The atmosphere part calculates the atmosphere-ice heat fluxes, the diffusive heat flux through the ice, the ice surface temperature and surface melting. This allows the diurnal cycle of the surface temperature to be modeled whilst only coupling between the atmosphere and ocean components once a day. The ocean part deals with the remaining thermodynamics, calculates basal melting by heat supplied from the mixed layer, keeps account of snow and ice thickness changes including conversion of submerged snow to ice, and deals with ice dynamics (including ridging) using daily mean fields of the atmospheric forcings supplied via coupling routines. A multiple ice thickness category model which solves the basic equation of Thorndike et al. (1975), is used to capture the sub-gridscale ice thickness distribution. HadGEM2-ES uses 5 ice categories plus open water (leads). Ice thickness affects many sea ice properties and processes, including the growth rate, ice strength and surface energy fluxes. As ice thickness can vary greatly within the grid box length scale, a multiple ice category model should lead to an improved representation of sea ice processes. Sea Ice Key Properties Sea Ice BasicApproximations BasicApproximations Multiple ice thickness categories (5 + open water); zero layer thermodynamics; EVP dynamics and ridging scheme ListOfPrognosticVariables ListOfPrognosticVariables Ice concentration (per thickness category), grid box mean ice thickness (per thickness category), grid box mean snow thickness (per thickness category), surface snow or ice temperature (per thickness category), ice velocities, internal ice stress tensors SeaIceRepresentation SeaIceRepresentation SchemeType SchemeType other TimeSteppingFramework TimeSteppingFramework Method Method use Ocean time step Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC McLaren 2006 doi:10.1029/2005JC003033. McLaren A.J., H. T. Banks, C. F. Durman, J. M. Gregory, T. C. Johns, A. B. Keen, J. K. Ridley, M. J. Roberts, W. H. Lipscomb, W. M. Connolley and S. W. Laxon (2006) Evaluation of the sea ice simulation in a new coupled atmosphere-ocean climate model. Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans, American Geophysical Union, Vol. 111, C12014, Thorndike 1975 Thorndike, A. S., D. A. Rothrock, G. A. Maykut and R. Colony (1975) The thickness distribution of sea ice. Journal of Geophysical Research, 80, 4501-4513. Sea Ice Albedo Sea Ice Albedo The ice albedo scheme is based on the scheme of Ebert and Curry (1993) with a parameterisation based on SHEBA observations. The bare ice albedo is modified (Semtner 1987) to simulate internal scattering processes in the zero layer scheme, which act to delay the onset of melt. In addition, the snow parameterisation scheme used in the land surface scheme is included, which allows for partial and semi-transparent snow cover. The snow albedo is modified by surface temperature, representing the increase in liquid water content. As a consequence the surface albedo, in addition to surface air temperature, is highly responsive to modelled snow fall events. Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Ebert 1993 Ebert E. E., and J. A. Curry (1993) An intermediate one-dimensional thermodynamic sea ice model for investigating ice-atmosphere interactions. Journal of Geophysical Research, 98, 10085-10109. Semtner 1987 Semtner A., (1987) A numerical study of sea ice and ocean circulation in the Arctic.. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 17, 1077-1099 submetaforhttp://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 3f8177ee-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:16.505492 Sea Ice Dynamics Sea Ice Dynamics The ice velocities are computed using the Elastic-Viscous-Plastic dynamics of Hunke and Dukowitz (1997). The ice momentum and stress state equations are solved to balance the effect of wind stress, ocean currents, Coriolis term and the internal ice stresses while maintaining a viscous plastic ice rheology. Ice is allowed to flow across the North Pole despite the ocean model having a polar island. Ice is advected using a first-order upwind advection scheme. The mechanical redistribution (or ridging scheme) of the Los Alamos CICE model (Hunke and Lipscomb, 2004) is also included, which can convert thinner ice to thicker ice within a grid box. Rheology Rheology EVP Advection Advection other HorizontalDiscretizationGrid HorizontalDiscretizationGrid Ocean grid AdvectionType AdvectionType First-order upwind Redistribution Redistribution Type Type ridging IceStrengthFormulation IceStrengthFormulation Hibler(1979). P* =20,000Nm-2 and c=20 Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Hibler 1979 Hibler, W. D. (1979) A dynamic-thermodynamic sea ice model. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 13, 1093-1104. Hunke 1997 Hunke E., and J. Dukowicz (1997) An elastic-viscous-plastic model for sea-ice dynamics. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 27, 1849-1867. Hunke 2004 Hunke E. and Lipscomb W. (2004) CICE: The Los Alamos Sea Ice Model, documentation and software, version 3.1. LA-CC-98-16, Los Alamos Natl. Lab., U.S.A. metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 3f7170c4-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:16.549931 Sea Ice Thermodynamics Sea Ice Thermodynamics The zero-layer thermodynamics model of Semtner (1976) is used which is applied separately to each ice thickness category. There is a one snow layer on top of the ice in each category. Once the thermodynamic ice and snow growth rates have been calculated, the linear remapping scheme of Lipscomb (2001) is used to compute the transfer of ice between categories. Ocean to ice heat flux parameterisation uses the McPhee (1992) scheme that uses both the ocean-ice temperature difference and the friction velocity in the flux parameterisation. The ocean-ice heat flux is proportional to the ice concentration for concentrations greater than 0.05. For lower concentrations, the grid box integral of the heat flux is independent of concentration to simulate the increased heat flux on small floes in the marginal ice zone. WaterPonds WaterPonds no SurfaceAlbedo SurfaceAlbedo Curry et al. (2001) parameterization, with adjustment of Semtner (1987) to compensate for zero layer thermodynamics. Also, thin and partial snow cover scheme for snow albedo (Cox et al, 1999). Albedo parameters: bare ice = 0.61; melting deep snow on seaice = 0.65; cold deep snow on seaice = 0.8. NewIceFormation NewIceFormation Frazil ice forms with a thickness of 5cm when the temperature of the top ocean layer falls below freezing. The volume of new ice is determined by the heat required to bring the ocean surface temperature back to freezing. Snow Snow HeatDiffusion HeatDiffusion one layer SchemeType SchemeType other snow-ice SnowScheme SnowScheme includes sublimation Ice Ice VerticalHeatDiffusion VerticalHeatDiffusion one layer OceanToIceBasalHeatFlux OceanToIceBasalHeatFlux parametrized (calculated in SeaIce) BrineInclusions BrineInclusions none Processes Processes other Surface sublimation TransportInThicknessSpace TransportInThicknessSpace linear remapping Neal Butchart Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB neal.butchart@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research Neal Butchart UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC Cox 1999 Cox P. M., R. A. Betts, C. B. Bunton, R. L. H. Essery, P. R. Rowntree, and J. Smith (1999) The impact of new land surface physics on the GCM simulation of climate and climate sensitivity.. Climate Dynamics., 15, 183-203. Curry 2001 Curry, J., J. Schramm, D. Perovich and J. Pinto, 2001. Applications of SHEBA/FIRE data to evaluation of snow/ice albedo parameterizations. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 15345-15355. Hibler 1979 Hibler, W. D. (1979) A dynamic-thermodynamic sea ice model. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 13, 1093-1104. Lipscomb 2001 Lipscomb W., (2001) Remapping the thickness distribution in sea ice models.. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106, 13989-14000 McPhee 1992 McPhee M. G., (1992) Turbulent heat-flux in the upper ocean under sea ice.. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, American Geophysical Union, 97(C4), 5365-5379. Semtner 1976 Semtner A., (1976) A model for the thermodynamic growth of sea ice in numerical investigations of climate.. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 6, 379-389 metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 3f2ca0e8-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:16.632204 metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk DRS_CMIP5_componentType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 3eedb22a-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:16.632285 metafor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 2f4cc6d0-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:16.632410 earth system version of the HadGEM2 model HadGEM2-ES Steven Hardiman Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB steven.hardiman@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/steven-hardiman Steven Hardiman Chris Jones Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX1 3PB chris.jones@metoffice.gov.uk http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/our-scientists/climate-chemistry-ecosystems/chris-jones Chris Jones UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC project http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk piControl_HadGEM2-CC 3.1 Pre-industrial Control (1860 - 2435) Control run for the Met Office Hadley Centre's HadGEM2-CC simulations bcee1404-d3a5-11df-837f-00163e9152a5 piControl experiment 1 Reference to an Experiment called piControl with experimentNumber 3.1 Fixed at preindustrial conditions for entire simulation. Dataset is derived from the historical annual time series prepared for CMIP5. This input field is interpolated by the model every 5 simulated days from the prescribed monthly mean field. CouplingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 5 conservative mappingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 465110ea-5176-11e0-9b89-00163e9152a5 fossil_fuel_black_carbon dataObject 1 Reference to a dataObject called fossil_fuel_black_carbon 2f54cf4c-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 Aerosols modelComponent 1 Reference to a modelComponent called Aerosols 465110ea-5176-11e0-9b89-00163e9152a5 fossil_fuel_black_carbon fileVariable 1 Reference to a fileVariable called fossil_fuel_black_carbon in a dataObject called fossil_fuel_black_carbon 2f54cf4c-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 fossil_fuel_black_carbon componentProperty 1 Reference to a componentProperty called fossil_fuel_black_carbon in a modelComponent called Aerosols Fixed at preindustrial conditions for entire simulation. Dataset is derived from the historical annual time series prepared for CMIP5. This input field is interpolated by the model every 5 simulated days from the prescribed monthly mean field. CouplingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 5 conservative mappingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 8e92715a-5176-11e0-9919-00163e9152a5 fossil_fuel_organic_carbon dataObject 1 Reference to a dataObject called fossil_fuel_organic_carbon 2f54cf4c-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 Aerosols modelComponent 1 Reference to a modelComponent called Aerosols 8e92715a-5176-11e0-9919-00163e9152a5 fossil_fuel_organic_carbon fileVariable 1 Reference to a fileVariable called fossil_fuel_organic_carbon in a dataObject called fossil_fuel_organic_carbon 2f54cf4c-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 fossil_fuel_organic_carb componentProperty 1 Reference to a componentProperty called fossil_fuel_organic_carb in a modelComponent called Aerosols Fixed at preindustrial conditions for entire simulation. Dataset is derived from the historical annual time series prepared for CMIP5. These input fields are interpolated by the model every 5 simulated days from the prescribed monthly mean field. CouplingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 5 conservative mappingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk bd51f29a-5176-11e0-94a5-00163e9152a5 biomass_burning dataObject 1 Reference to a dataObject called biomass_burning 2f54cf4c-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 Aerosols modelComponent 1 Reference to a modelComponent called Aerosols bd51f29a-5176-11e0-94a5-00163e9152a5 forest fire emissions fileVariable 1 Reference to a fileVariable called forest fire emissions in a dataObject called biomass_burning 2f54cf4c-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 biomass_burning componentProperty 1 Reference to a componentProperty called biomass_burning in a modelComponent called Aerosols Fixed at preindustrial conditions for entire simulation. Dataset is derived from the historical annual time series prepared for CMIP5. These input fields are interpolated by the model every 5 simulated days from the prescribed monthly mean field. CouplingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 5 conservative mappingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk bd51f29a-5176-11e0-94a5-00163e9152a5 biomass_burning dataObject 1 Reference to a dataObject called biomass_burning 2f54cf4c-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 Aerosols modelComponent 1 Reference to a modelComponent called Aerosols bd51f29a-5176-11e0-94a5-00163e9152a5 grass fire emissions fileVariable 1 Reference to a fileVariable called grass fire emissions in a dataObject called biomass_burning 2f54cf4c-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 biomass_burning componentProperty 1 Reference to a componentProperty called biomass_burning in a modelComponent called Aerosols Fixed at preindustrial conditions for entire simulation. Annual CO2 concentrations were provided by CMIP5 in units of parts per million by volume (ppmv) whereas HadGEM2-CC requires atmospheric concentrations of CO2 in units of mass mixing ratio (mmr). A conversion factor of (44.0/28.964e6) was used to convert units. CouplingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 20 mappingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk a31d55c4-4bc0-11e0-a872-00163e9152a5 well_mixed_gas_CO2 dataObject 1 Reference to a dataObject called well_mixed_gas_CO2 311854c0-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 Atmosphere modelComponent 1 Reference to a modelComponent called Atmosphere a31d55c4-4bc0-11e0-a872-00163e9152a5 CO2_concentration_mmr fileVariable 1 Reference to a fileVariable called CO2_concentration_mmr in a dataObject called well_mixed_gas_CO2 311854c0-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 well_mixed_gas_CO2 componentProperty 1 Reference to a componentProperty called well_mixed_gas_CO2 in a modelComponent called Atmosphere Fixed at preindustrial conditions for entire simulation. CouplingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 20 mappingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 6c407ee4-5bb6-11e1-8e33-00163e9152a5 hadgem2-cc_CH4 dataObject 1 Reference to a dataObject called hadgem2-cc_CH4 311854c0-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 Atmosphere modelComponent 1 Reference to a modelComponent called Atmosphere 6c407ee4-5bb6-11e1-8e33-00163e9152a5 CH4 fileVariable 1 Reference to a fileVariable called CH4 in a dataObject called hadgem2-cc_CH4 311854c0-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 well_mixed_gas_CH4 componentProperty 1 Reference to a componentProperty called well_mixed_gas_CH4 in a modelComponent called Atmosphere Fixed at preindustrial conditions for entire simulation. The N2O concentrations used were taken from the recommended CMIP5 dataset. HadGEM2-CC requires atmospheric concentrations of N2O in units of mass mixing ratio (mmr). A conversion factor of 44.013/(28.964e9) was used to convert units from values supplied in ppbv. CouplingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 20 mappingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 04c2aa56-4bf6-11e0-9fc1-00163e9152a5 well_mixed_gas_N2O dataObject 1 Reference to a dataObject called well_mixed_gas_N2O 311854c0-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 Atmosphere modelComponent 1 Reference to a modelComponent called Atmosphere 04c2aa56-4bf6-11e0-9fc1-00163e9152a5 N2O_concentration_mmr fileVariable 1 Reference to a fileVariable called N2O_concentration_mmr in a dataObject called well_mixed_gas_N2O 311854c0-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 well_mixed_gas_N2O componentProperty 1 Reference to a componentProperty called well_mixed_gas_N2O in a modelComponent called Atmosphere Fixed at preindustrial conditions for entire simulation. The CMIP5 equivalent concentrations of CFC12 and HFC134a were derived by simply summing the radiative forcing of individual species and assuming linearity of both concentration and radiative forcing for a single species and of additivity of multiple species. CouplingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 20 mappingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk c0f481ea-4bf6-11e0-8b40-00163e9152a5 well_mixed_gas_halocarbons dataObject 1 Reference to a dataObject called well_mixed_gas_halocarbons 311854c0-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 Atmosphere modelComponent 1 Reference to a modelComponent called Atmosphere c0f481ea-4bf6-11e0-8b40-00163e9152a5 CFC-12_concentration_mmr fileVariable 1 Reference to a fileVariable called CFC-12_concentration_mmr in a dataObject called well_mixed_gas_halocarbons 311854c0-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 well_mixed_gas_CFC-12 componentProperty 1 Reference to a componentProperty called well_mixed_gas_CFC-12 in a modelComponent called Atmosphere Fixed at preindustrial conditions for entire simulation. The CMIP5 equivalent concentrations of CFC12 and HFC134a were derived by simply summing the radiative forcing of individual species and assuming linearity of both concentration and radiative forcing for a single species and of additivity of multiple species. CouplingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 20 mappingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk c0f481ea-4bf6-11e0-8b40-00163e9152a5 well_mixed_gas_halocarbons dataObject 1 Reference to a dataObject called well_mixed_gas_halocarbons 311854c0-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 Atmosphere modelComponent 1 Reference to a modelComponent called Atmosphere c0f481ea-4bf6-11e0-8b40-00163e9152a5 HFC-134a_concentration_mmr fileVariable 1 Reference to a fileVariable called HFC-134a_concentration_mmr in a dataObject called well_mixed_gas_halocarbons 311854c0-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 well_mixed_gas_HFC-134a componentProperty 1 Reference to a componentProperty called well_mixed_gas_HFC-134a in a modelComponent called Atmosphere Fixed at preindustrial conditions for entire simulation. Stratospheric ozone is prescribed as monthly zonal/height ancillary files taken from the CMIP5 recommended AC&C/SPARC ozone database. The values provided to the HadGEM2-CC include the effects of polar solar variability, as compared to the HadGEM2-ES runs which do not. These data were horizontally interpolated onto the model N96 horizontal grid. Vertical interpolation was achieved by mapping the SPARC ozone data from pressure surfaces onto pressure surface equivalent levels corresponding to the models height-based grid. Near-surface missing data was replaced by overlying nearest neighbour non-missing data. CouplingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 20 non-conservative mappingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 8d18c18c-5bb4-11e1-be59-00163e9152a5 hadgem2-cc_ozone dataObject 1 Reference to a dataObject called hadgem2-cc_ozone 311854c0-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 Atmosphere modelComponent 1 Reference to a modelComponent called Atmosphere 8d18c18c-5bb4-11e1-be59-00163e9152a5 O3 fileVariable 1 Reference to a fileVariable called O3 in a dataObject called hadgem2-cc_ozone 311854c0-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 well_mixed_gas_Ozone componentProperty 1 Reference to a componentProperty called well_mixed_gas_Ozone in a modelComponent called Atmosphere Fixed at preindustrial conditions for entire simulation. Stratospheric aerosol concentrations due to volcanic eruptions are varied across four equal area latitudinal zones on a monthly timescale. The aerosol is distributed vertically above the tropopause such that the mass mixing ratio is constant across the levels. In this version of the model, volcanic aerosol is not related to, and does not interact with, other simulated aerosol behaviour. The dataset used for the historic period was monthly stratospheric optical depths, at 550nm, from 1850 to 2000 (Sato et al., 1993). Background aerosols concentrations are covered in the sulphur_dioxide_emissions input. HadGEM2-CC does not treat any gases from volcanic sources as a climate forcing. CouplingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 1 mappingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk e9c7b676-509e-11e0-b2eb-00163e9152a5 volcanic_optical_thickness dataObject 1 Reference to a dataObject called volcanic_optical_thickness 311854c0-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 Atmosphere modelComponent 1 Reference to a modelComponent called Atmosphere e9c7b676-509e-11e0-b2eb-00163e9152a5 stratospheric_optical_thickness fileVariable 1 Reference to a fileVariable called stratospheric_optical_thickness in a dataObject called volcanic_optical_thickness 311854c0-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 volcanic aerosol componentProperty 1 Reference to a componentProperty called volcanic aerosol in a modelComponent called Atmosphere Fixed at preindustrial conditions for entire simulation. Dataset is derived from Andres and Kasgnoc (1998). The total emissions are presented as annual values with the emissions constant at 0.62 Tg[S]/yr). The distribution of emissions varies from year to year, both horizontally and vertically. CouplingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 5 conservative mappingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 19a1da9a-5179-11e0-aa5f-00163e9152a5 sulphur_dioxide_emissions dataObject 1 Reference to a dataObject called sulphur_dioxide_emissions 311854c0-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 Atmosphere modelComponent 1 Reference to a modelComponent called Atmosphere 19a1da9a-5179-11e0-aa5f-00163e9152a5 sulphur dioxide fileVariable 1 Reference to a fileVariable called sulphur dioxide in a dataObject called sulphur_dioxide_emissions 311854c0-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 volcanic SO2 emissions componentProperty 1 Reference to a componentProperty called volcanic SO2 emissions in a modelComponent called Atmosphere Fixed at preindustrial conditions for entire simulation. Dataset is derived from Spiro et al. (1992) and has a constant annual rate of 0.86 Tg[S]/yr. The emissions are presented monthly and vary horizontally and by month to account for seasonal effects. CouplingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 5 conservative mappingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 4693d238-5179-11e0-aa5f-00163e9152a5 DMS_emissions dataObject 1 Reference to a dataObject called DMS_emissions 311854c0-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 Atmosphere modelComponent 1 Reference to a modelComponent called Atmosphere 4693d238-5179-11e0-aa5f-00163e9152a5 DMS_emissions fileVariable 1 Reference to a fileVariable called DMS_emissions in a dataObject called DMS_emissions 311854c0-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 land DMS emissions componentProperty 1 Reference to a componentProperty called land DMS emissions in a modelComponent called Atmosphere Fixed at preindustrial conditions for entire simulation. Dataset is derived from annual sector based emissions. Data is presented on N96 grid. CouplingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 5 conservative mappingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 9f025ae4-53b2-11e0-a555-00163e9152a5 anthropogenic_emissions_SO2 dataObject 1 Reference to a dataObject called anthropogenic_emissions_SO2 311854c0-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 Atmosphere modelComponent 1 Reference to a modelComponent called Atmosphere 9f025ae4-53b2-11e0-a555-00163e9152a5 SO2_emissions fileVariable 1 Reference to a fileVariable called SO2_emissions in a dataObject called anthropogenic_emissions_SO2 311854c0-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 anthro_SO2_aerosol componentProperty 1 Reference to a componentProperty called anthro_SO2_aerosol in a modelComponent called Atmosphere Fixed at preindustrial conditions for entire simulation. Annual mean variations in total solar irradiance (TSI) passed to the model are partitioned across six shortwave spectral bands (0.2-10um) to estimate the associated spectral changes with TSI variations (Lean et al., 1995). With the changes across the spectral bands the Rayleigh scattering and ozone absorption properties are also varied in the model. The TSI data used for the historic period were recommended by CMIP5 (Lean et al., SOLARIS 2009) and are created from reconstructions of solar cycle and background variations in TSI. The annual mean TSI was processed to force the mean of the 1700-2004 period to be the same as the model control solar constant value (1365 Wm-2). CouplingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 5 mappingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 753a78ee-e2ac-11df-b3ef-00163e9152a5 solar dataObject 1 Reference to a dataObject called solar 311854c0-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 Atmosphere modelComponent 1 Reference to a modelComponent called Atmosphere 753a78ee-e2ac-11df-b3ef-00163e9152a5 Total Solar Irradiance fileVariable 1 Reference to a fileVariable called Total Solar Irradiance in a dataObject called solar 311854c0-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 solar irradiance componentProperty 1 Reference to a componentProperty called solar irradiance in a modelComponent called Atmosphere Ocean dimethyl sulphide emissions at the surface calculated interactively by the biogeochemical scheme. CouplingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 1 mappingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 3ac00180-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 Ocean Biogeo Chemistry modelComponent 1 Reference to a modelComponent called Ocean Biogeo Chemistry 311854c0-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 Atmosphere modelComponent 1 Reference to a modelComponent called Atmosphere 311854c0-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 ocean_DMS_emissions componentProperty 1 Reference to a componentProperty called ocean_DMS_emissions in a modelComponent called Atmosphere Fixed at preindustrial conditions for entire simulation. Secondary organic aerosols from biogenic emissions are represented by monthly distributions of three-dimensional mass-mixing ratios obtained from the chemistry transport model (Derwent et al., 2003). These distributions are presented as monthly 3D profiles that are constant for all simulated years. CouplingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 5 conservative mappingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk e5d7f29a-5474-11e0-a872-00163e9152a5 biogenic_emission_aerosols dataObject 1 Reference to a dataObject called biogenic_emission_aerosols 311854c0-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 Atmosphere modelComponent 1 Reference to a modelComponent called Atmosphere e5d7f29a-5474-11e0-a872-00163e9152a5 biogenic emission concentration fileVariable 1 Reference to a fileVariable called biogenic emission concentration in a dataObject called biogenic_emission_aerosols 311854c0-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 biogenic_emission_aeroso componentProperty 1 Reference to a componentProperty called biogenic_emission_aeroso in a modelComponent called Atmosphere CouplingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 20 conservative mappingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 311854c0-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 Atmosphere modelComponent 1 Reference to a modelComponent called Atmosphere 34949c58-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 Atmospheric Chemistry modelComponent 1 Reference to a modelComponent called Atmospheric Chemistry 34949c58-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 oxidant_O3 componentProperty 1 Reference to a componentProperty called oxidant_O3 in a modelComponent called Atmospheric Chemistry The historical land use data is based on the HYDE database v3.1 (Klein Goldewijk et al., 2010a; Klein Goldewijk et al., 2010b) as processed for CMIP5 by Hurtt et al (2010), and made available at 0.5 x 0.5 degree resolution. These fractions are mapped on to the N96 grid using area average re-gridding. conservative mappingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk f59b8360-53cd-11e0-ad0a-00163e9152a5 land_use dataObject 1 Reference to a dataObject called land_use 38218958-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 Land Surface modelComponent 1 Reference to a modelComponent called Land Surface f59b8360-53cd-11e0-ad0a-00163e9152a5 fractional_cover_baresoil fileVariable 1 Reference to a fileVariable called fractional_cover_baresoil in a dataObject called land_use 38218958-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 initial_land_use componentProperty 1 Reference to a componentProperty called initial_land_use in a modelComponent called Land Surface The historical land use data is based on the HYDE database v3.1 (Klein Goldewijk et al., 2010a; Klein Goldewijk et al., 2010b) as processed for CMIP5 by Hurtt et al (2010), and made available at 0.5 x 0.5 degree resolution. These fractions are mapped on to the N96 grid using area average re-gridding. conservative mappingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk f59b8360-53cd-11e0-ad0a-00163e9152a5 land_use dataObject 1 Reference to a dataObject called land_use 38218958-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 Land Surface modelComponent 1 Reference to a modelComponent called Land Surface f59b8360-53cd-11e0-ad0a-00163e9152a5 fractional_cover_broadleaf_tree fileVariable 1 Reference to a fileVariable called fractional_cover_broadleaf_tree in a dataObject called land_use 38218958-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 initial_land_use componentProperty 1 Reference to a componentProperty called initial_land_use in a modelComponent called Land Surface The historical land use data is based on the HYDE database v3.1 (Klein Goldewijk et al., 2010a; Klein Goldewijk et al., 2010b) as processed for CMIP5 by Hurtt et al (2010), and made available at 0.5 x 0.5 degree resolution. These fractions are mapped on to the N96 grid using area average re-gridding. conservative mappingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk f59b8360-53cd-11e0-ad0a-00163e9152a5 land_use dataObject 1 Reference to a dataObject called land_use 38218958-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 Land Surface modelComponent 1 Reference to a modelComponent called Land Surface f59b8360-53cd-11e0-ad0a-00163e9152a5 fractional_cover_C3_grass fileVariable 1 Reference to a fileVariable called fractional_cover_C3_grass in a dataObject called land_use 38218958-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 initial_land_use componentProperty 1 Reference to a componentProperty called initial_land_use in a modelComponent called Land Surface The historical land use data is based on the HYDE database v3.1 (Klein Goldewijk et al., 2010a; Klein Goldewijk et al., 2010b) as processed for CMIP5 by Hurtt et al (2010), and made available at 0.5 x 0.5 degree resolution. These fractions are mapped on to the N96 grid using area average re-gridding. conservative mappingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk f59b8360-53cd-11e0-ad0a-00163e9152a5 land_use dataObject 1 Reference to a dataObject called land_use 38218958-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 Land Surface modelComponent 1 Reference to a modelComponent called Land Surface f59b8360-53cd-11e0-ad0a-00163e9152a5 fractional_cover_C4_grass fileVariable 1 Reference to a fileVariable called fractional_cover_C4_grass in a dataObject called land_use 38218958-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 initial_land_use componentProperty 1 Reference to a componentProperty called initial_land_use in a modelComponent called Land Surface The historical land use data is based on the HYDE database v3.1 (Klein Goldewijk et al., 2010a; Klein Goldewijk et al., 2010b) as processed for CMIP5 by Hurtt et al (2010), and made available at 0.5 x 0.5 degree resolution. These fractions are mapped on to the N96 grid using area average re-gridding. conservative mappingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk f59b8360-53cd-11e0-ad0a-00163e9152a5 land_use dataObject 1 Reference to a dataObject called land_use 38218958-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 Land Surface modelComponent 1 Reference to a modelComponent called Land Surface f59b8360-53cd-11e0-ad0a-00163e9152a5 fractional_cover_ice fileVariable 1 Reference to a fileVariable called fractional_cover_ice in a dataObject called land_use 38218958-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 initial_land_use componentProperty 1 Reference to a componentProperty called initial_land_use in a modelComponent called Land Surface The historical land use data is based on the HYDE database v3.1 (Klein Goldewijk et al., 2010a; Klein Goldewijk et al., 2010b) as processed for CMIP5 by Hurtt et al (2010), and made available at 0.5 x 0.5 degree resolution. These fractions are mapped on to the N96 grid using area average re-gridding. conservative mappingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk f59b8360-53cd-11e0-ad0a-00163e9152a5 land_use dataObject 1 Reference to a dataObject called land_use 38218958-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 Land Surface modelComponent 1 Reference to a modelComponent called Land Surface f59b8360-53cd-11e0-ad0a-00163e9152a5 fractional_cover_lake fileVariable 1 Reference to a fileVariable called fractional_cover_lake in a dataObject called land_use 38218958-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 initial_land_use componentProperty 1 Reference to a componentProperty called initial_land_use in a modelComponent called Land Surface The historical land use data is based on the HYDE database v3.1 (Klein Goldewijk et al., 2010a; Klein Goldewijk et al., 2010b) as processed for CMIP5 by Hurtt et al (2010), and made available at 0.5 x 0.5 degree resolution. These fractions are mapped on to the N96 grid using area average re-gridding. conservative mappingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk f59b8360-53cd-11e0-ad0a-00163e9152a5 land_use dataObject 1 Reference to a dataObject called land_use 38218958-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 Land Surface modelComponent 1 Reference to a modelComponent called Land Surface f59b8360-53cd-11e0-ad0a-00163e9152a5 fractional_cover_needleleaf_tree fileVariable 1 Reference to a fileVariable called fractional_cover_needleleaf_tree in a dataObject called land_use 38218958-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 initial_land_use componentProperty 1 Reference to a componentProperty called initial_land_use in a modelComponent called Land Surface The historical land use data is based on the HYDE database v3.1 (Klein Goldewijk et al., 2010a; Klein Goldewijk et al., 2010b) as processed for CMIP5 by Hurtt et al (2010), and made available at 0.5 x 0.5 degree resolution. These fractions are mapped on to the N96 grid using area average re-gridding. conservative mappingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk f59b8360-53cd-11e0-ad0a-00163e9152a5 land_use dataObject 1 Reference to a dataObject called land_use 38218958-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 Land Surface modelComponent 1 Reference to a modelComponent called Land Surface f59b8360-53cd-11e0-ad0a-00163e9152a5 fractional_cover_shrub fileVariable 1 Reference to a fileVariable called fractional_cover_shrub in a dataObject called land_use 38218958-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 initial_land_use componentProperty 1 Reference to a componentProperty called initial_land_use in a modelComponent called Land Surface The historical land use data is based on the HYDE database v3.1 (Klein Goldewijk et al., 2010a; Klein Goldewijk et al., 2010b) as processed for CMIP5 by Hurtt et al (2010), and made available at 0.5 x 0.5 degree resolution. These fractions are mapped on to the N96 grid using area average re-gridding. conservative mappingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk f59b8360-53cd-11e0-ad0a-00163e9152a5 land_use dataObject 1 Reference to a dataObject called land_use 38218958-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 Land Surface modelComponent 1 Reference to a modelComponent called Land Surface f59b8360-53cd-11e0-ad0a-00163e9152a5 fractional_cover_urban fileVariable 1 Reference to a fileVariable called fractional_cover_urban in a dataObject called land_use 38218958-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 initial_land_use componentProperty 1 Reference to a componentProperty called initial_land_use in a modelComponent called Land Surface CouplingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 20 conservative mappingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 311854c0-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 Atmosphere modelComponent 1 Reference to a modelComponent called Atmosphere 38218958-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 Land Surface modelComponent 1 Reference to a modelComponent called Land Surface 38218958-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 well_mixed_gas_CO2 componentProperty 1 Reference to a componentProperty called well_mixed_gas_CO2 in a modelComponent called Land Surface Fixed at preindustrial conditions for entire simulation. Annual CO2 concentrations were provided by CMIP5 in units of parts per million by volume (ppmv) whereas HadGEM2-CC requires atmospheric concentrations of CO2 in units of mass mixing ratio (mmr). A conversion factor of (44.0/28.964e6) was used to convert units. CouplingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 20 conservative mappingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk a31d55c4-4bc0-11e0-a872-00163e9152a5 well_mixed_gas_CO2 dataObject 1 Reference to a dataObject called well_mixed_gas_CO2 3c4fd2c8-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 Ocean modelComponent 1 Reference to a modelComponent called Ocean a31d55c4-4bc0-11e0-a872-00163e9152a5 CO2_concentration_mmr fileVariable 1 Reference to a fileVariable called CO2_concentration_mmr in a dataObject called well_mixed_gas_CO2 3c4fd2c8-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 well_mixed_gas_CO2 componentProperty 1 Reference to a componentProperty called well_mixed_gas_CO2 in a modelComponent called Ocean Fixed at preindustrial conditions for entire simulation. Annual CO2 concentrations were provided by CMIP5 in units of parts per million by volume (ppmv) whereas HadGEM2-CC requires atmospheric concentrations of CO2 in units of mass mixing ratio (mmr). A conversion factor of (44.0/28.964e6) was used to convert units. CouplingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 20 conservative mappingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 3c4fd2c8-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 Ocean modelComponent 1 Reference to a modelComponent called Ocean 3c4fd2c8-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 well_mixed_gas_CO2 componentProperty 1 Reference to a componentProperty called well_mixed_gas_CO2 in a modelComponent called Ocean Fixed at preindustrial conditions for entire simulation. CouplingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 20 mappingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 8146baf0-5bb2-11e1-81c3-00163e9152a5 hadgem2-cc_oxidants dataObject 1 Reference to a dataObject called hadgem2-cc_oxidants 34949c58-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 Atmospheric Chemistry modelComponent 1 Reference to a modelComponent called Atmospheric Chemistry 8146baf0-5bb2-11e1-81c3-00163e9152a5 OH fileVariable 1 Reference to a fileVariable called OH in a dataObject called hadgem2-cc_oxidants 34949c58-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 oxidant_OH componentProperty 1 Reference to a componentProperty called oxidant_OH in a modelComponent called Atmospheric Chemistry Fixed at preindustrial conditions for entire simulation. CouplingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 20 mappingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 8146baf0-5bb2-11e1-81c3-00163e9152a5 hadgem2-cc_oxidants dataObject 1 Reference to a dataObject called hadgem2-cc_oxidants 34949c58-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 Atmospheric Chemistry modelComponent 1 Reference to a modelComponent called Atmospheric Chemistry 8146baf0-5bb2-11e1-81c3-00163e9152a5 H2O2 fileVariable 1 Reference to a fileVariable called H2O2 in a dataObject called hadgem2-cc_oxidants 34949c58-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 oxidant_H202 componentProperty 1 Reference to a componentProperty called oxidant_H202 in a modelComponent called Atmospheric Chemistry Fixed at preindustrial conditions for entire simulation. CouplingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 20 mappingType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 8146baf0-5bb2-11e1-81c3-00163e9152a5 hadgem2-cc_oxidants dataObject 1 Reference to a dataObject called hadgem2-cc_oxidants 34949c58-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 Atmospheric Chemistry modelComponent 1 Reference to a modelComponent called Atmospheric Chemistry 8146baf0-5bb2-11e1-81c3-00163e9152a5 HO2 fileVariable 1 Reference to a fileVariable called HO2 in a dataObject called hadgem2-cc_oxidants 34949c58-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 oxidant_HO2 componentProperty 1 Reference to a componentProperty called oxidant_HO2 in a modelComponent called Atmospheric Chemistry S Hardiman, N Butchart, T Hinton, S Osprey*, L Gray*, C Jones, J Hughes *(Oxford University) bcee1404-d3a5-11df-837f-00163e9152a5 bc.003 NumericalRequirement 1 Reference to a NumericalRequirement called bc.003 in a experiment called 3.1 piControl bcee1404-d3a5-11df-837f-00163e9152a5 bc.007 NumericalRequirement 1 Reference to a NumericalRequirement called bc.007 in a experiment called 3.1 piControl bcee1404-d3a5-11df-837f-00163e9152a5 bc.008 NumericalRequirement 1 Reference to a NumericalRequirement called bc.008 in a experiment called 3.1 piControl bcee1404-d3a5-11df-837f-00163e9152a5 bc.009 NumericalRequirement 1 Reference to a NumericalRequirement called bc.009 in a experiment called 3.1 piControl bcee1404-d3a5-11df-837f-00163e9152a5 bc.010 NumericalRequirement 1 Reference to a NumericalRequirement called bc.010 in a experiment called 3.1 piControl Starts 1859-12-01 and runs for 240 years bcee1404-d3a5-11df-837f-00163e9152a5 stc.024 NumericalRequirement 1 Reference to a NumericalRequirement called stc.024 in a experiment called 3.1 piControl bcee1404-d3a5-11df-837f-00163e9152a5 ic.001 NumericalRequirement 1 Reference to a NumericalRequirement called ic.001 in a experiment called 3.1 piControl bcee1404-d3a5-11df-837f-00163e9152a5 bc.001 NumericalRequirement 1 Reference to a NumericalRequirement called bc.001 in a experiment called 3.1 piControl bcee1404-d3a5-11df-837f-00163e9152a5 bc.002 NumericalRequirement 1 Reference to a NumericalRequirement called bc.002 in a experiment called 3.1 piControl The resources(deployment) on which this simulation ran b765775a-e2ac-11df-9efb-00163e9152a5 IBM Power 6 platform 1 Reference to a platform called IBM Power 6 P240Y 1859-12-01T00:00:00Z 2f4cc6d0-9679-11e0-a921-00163e9152a5 HadGEM2-CC modelComponent 1 Reference to a modelComponent called HadGEM2-CC 08581410-4de6-11e1-a80c-00163e9152a5 5 QN_DRS The QN_DRS value allows mapping from data files to metadata being exported from the metadata questionnaire, and contains the institution name, the model name on which the simulation was run, the experiment name to which the simulation conforms, the simulation level base rip value, and finally the given start year for the simulation. The format of the string will thus be: institute_model_experiment_rip_startyear. Also note, that in particular cases, i.e. decadal and noVolc exps, the start date and expdate may differ - this will occur in those cases where the simulation start date is 1st january but still refers to an experiment for the year before. - (see cmip5 experiment design document) DRS_CMIP5_ensembleType Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:16.973105 Pre-Industrial Control. Control experiment against which perturbations are compared. piControl Pre-Industrial Control Pre-Industrial coupled atmosphere/ocean control run. Imposes non-evolving pre-industrial conditions. 3.1 ic.001 3.1.ic A description of initial condition for the control run. bc.001 3.1.bc.wmg_conc Prescribed atmospheric concentrations of pre-industrial well mixed gases: excluding CO2 bc.002 3.1.bc.CO2_conc Prescribed atmospheric concentrations of pre-industrial well mixed gas: Carbon Dioxide bc.003 3.1.bc.sls_conc Prescribed atmospheric concentration of pre-industrial short lived (reactive) gas species 3.1.bc.nat_aer Prescribed concentrations or emissions of pre-industrial natural aerosols bc.004 3.1.bc.nat_aer_conc Concentrations bc.007 3.1.bc.nat_aer_em Emissions 3.1.bc.nat_aer_precur Prescribed concentrations or emissions of pre-industrial natural aerosol precursors bc.005 3.1.bc.nat_aer_pre_conc Concentrations bc.008 3.1.bc.nat_aer_pre_em Emissions 3.1.bc.sl_aer Prescribed concentrations or emissions of pre-industrial short lived (reactive) aerosol species bc.006 3.1.bc.sl_aer_conc Concentrations bc.009 3.1.bc.sl_aer_em Emissions bc.010 3.1.bc.LU Unperturbed Pre-Industrial Land Use stc.024 3.1.stc.1850_500yr P500Y 1850-12-30T23:59:59Z 1850-01-01T00:00:00Z bcee1404-d3a5-11df-837f-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:16.994028 IBM Power 6_Other Machine IBM Power 6 and compiler Other UK Met Office Hadley Centre MOHC IBM Power 6 Parallel machineOperatingSystem http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk machineVendor http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk machineInterconnect http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 2 32 machineProcessorType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk Other 12.1.0.0 b765775a-e2ac-11df-9efb-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:16.994215 fossil_fuel_black_carbon 2D gridded monthly-mean fields of black carbon emissions from fossil fuel burning dataFormatType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk emissions of black carbon from fossil fuel buring dataFormatType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk fossil_fuel_black_carbon CF http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 465110ea-5176-11e0-9b89-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:17.075107 fossil_fuel_organic_carbon 2D gridded monthly-mean fields of organic carbon emissions from fossil fuel burning dataFormatType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk emissions of organic carbon from fossil fuel burning dataFormatType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk fossil_fuel_organic_carbon missing CF name: tendency_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_carbon_dioxide_expressed_as_carbon_due_to_emission_from_fossil_fuel_combustion 8e92715a-5176-11e0-9919-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:17.076852 biomass_burning 2D gridded monthly-mean fields of grass fire and forest fire combined emissions of black carbon and organic carbon from biomass burning. dataFormatType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk emissions from biomass burning dataFormatType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk forest fire emissions CF http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk grass fire emissions CF http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk bd51f29a-5176-11e0-94a5-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:17.080222 well_mixed_gas_CO2 Atmospheric concentrations of CO2 expressed in units of mass mixing ratio (mmr) with units of kg/kg. The factor used to convert concentrations provided by CMIP5 in ppmv to mmr units was (44.0/28.964e6) dataFormatType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk CO2 concentration dataFormatType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk CO2_concentration_mmr CF http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk a31d55c4-4bc0-11e0-a872-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:17.082718 hadgem2-cc_CH4 3D prescribed methane derived from CMIP5 dataset. The factor used to convert concentrations provided by CMIP5 in ppbv to mmr units was (16.04/28.964e9). Prescribed methane concentrations CH4 CF http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 6c407ee4-5bb6-11e1-8e33-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:17.084457 well_mixed_gas_N2O Atmospheric concentrations of N2O expressed in units of mass mixing ratio (mmr) with units of kg/kg. The factor used to convert concentrations provided by CMIP5 in ppbv to mmr units was (44.013/(28.964e9). dataFormatType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk N2O concentration dataFormatType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk N2O_concentration_mmr CF http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 04c2aa56-4bf6-11e0-9fc1-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:17.087065 well_mixed_gas_halocarbons Atmopheric concentrations of CFC-12 and HFC-134a expressed in terms of mass mixing ratio (mmr) with units of kg/kg. dataFormatType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk halocarbon concentrations dataFormatType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk CFC-12_concentration_mmr CF http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk HFC-134a_concentration_mmr mass_fraction_of_cfc134a_in_air (awaiting entry in CF names table) c0f481ea-4bf6-11e0-8b40-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:17.089669 hadgem2-cc_ozone Stratospheric and tropospheric ozone concentrations represented as 3D data. Differs from the HadGEM2-ES ancillary with the inclusion of tropospheric data and the extension of solar variability up to the poles. dataFormatType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk Prescribed ozone concentration dataFormatType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk O3 CF http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 8d18c18c-5bb4-11e1-be59-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:17.092196 volcanic_optical_thickness Vertical profiles of optical thickness for four equal area latitudinal zones on a monthly timestep. Derived from http://data.giss.nasa.gov/modelforce/strataer/ dataFormatType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk Optical thickness in stratosphere due to volcanic aerosols dataFormatType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk stratospheric_optical_thickness CF http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk e9c7b676-509e-11e0-b2eb-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:17.094669 sulphur_dioxide_emissions dataFormatType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk emissions of sulphur dioxide dataFormatType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk Andres 1998 Andres, R.J. and Kasgnoc, A.D. (1998) A time-averaged inventory of subaerial volcanic sulfur emissions. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 25251-25261, 1998. sulphur dioxide CF http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 19a1da9a-5179-11e0-aa5f-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:17.098896 DMS_emissions land based DMS emissions dataFormatType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk emissions of dimethyl sulfide dataFormatType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk Spiro 1992 Spiro, P.A., Jacob, D.J., and Logan, J.A. (1992) Global inventory of sulfur emissions with 1x1 resolution. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 6023-6036, 1992. DMS_emissions CF http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 4693d238-5179-11e0-aa5f-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:17.103140 anthropogenic_emissions_SO2 Dataset is derived from annual sector based emissions. Data is presented on N96 grid dataFormatType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk Anthropogenic emissions of sulphur dioxide dataFormatType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk SO2_emissions CF http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 9f025ae4-53b2-11e0-a555-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:17.105771 solar Annual mean variations in total solar irradiance (TSI) are partitioned across six shortwave spectral bands (0.2-10μm) to estimate the associated spectral changes with TSI variations (Lean et al., 1995). With the changes across the spectral bands the Rayleigh scattering and ozone absorption properties are also varied. The TSI data used for the historic period were recommended by CMIP5 (Lean et al., 2009 -L09; SOLARIS 2009) and are created from reconstructions of solar cycle and background variations in TSI. The annual mean TSI was processed to force the mean of the 1700-2004 period to be the same as the model control solar constant value (1365 Wm-2). dataFormatType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk Solar Irradiance dataFormatType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk SOLARIS 2009 http://www.geo.fu-berlin.de/en/met/ag/strat/forschung/SOLARIS/Input_data/CMIP5_solar_irradiance.html CMIP5 solar irradiance Total Solar Irradiance CF http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk Total solar irradiance in Wm-2 753a78ee-e2ac-11df-b3ef-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:17.109915 biogenic_emission_aerosols These biogenic emissions (represented as concentrations) are obtained from an external chemistry transport model (Derwent et al., 2003) , and are presented as monthly 3D profiles that are constant for all simulated years. dataFormatType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk Secondary organic aerosols from biogenic emissions dataFormatType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk Derwent 2003 Derwent, R.G., Collins, W.J., Jenkin, M.E., and Johnson, C.E. (2003) The global distribution of secondary particulate matter in a 3-D Lagrangian chemistry transport model. J. Atmos. Chem., 44, 57-95, 2003. biogenic emission concentration CF http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk CHECK cf name e5d7f29a-5474-11e0-a872-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:17.114177 land_use The historical land use data is based on the HYDE database v3.1 (Klein Goldewijk et al., 2010a; Klein Goldewijk et al., 2010b) as processed for CMIP5 by Hurtt et al (2010), and made available at 0.5 x 0.5 degree resolution. These fractions are mapped on to the N96 grid using area average re-gridding. dataFormatType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk http://cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/cmip5/forcing.html#land-use_data land use fractions dataFormatType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk Hurtt et al. 2010 Hurtt, G. C. , L. P. Chini, S. Frolking, R. Betts, J. Feddema, G. Fischer, J. P. Fisk, K. Hibbard, R. A. Houghton, A. Janetos, C. Jones, G. Kindermann, T. Kinoshita, K. Klein Goldewijk, K. Riahi, E. Shevliakova, S. Smith, E. Stehfest, A. Thomson, P. Thornton, D. P. van Vuuren, Y. Wang (2010) Harmonization of Land-Use Scenarios for the Period 1500-2100: 600 Years of Global Gridded Annual Land-Use Transitions, Wood Harvest, and Resulting Secondary Lands. Climatic Change, submitted fractional_cover_baresoil CF http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk fractional_cover_broadleaf_tree CF http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk fractional_cover_C3_grass CF http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk fractional_cover_C4_grass CF http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk fractional_cover_ice CF http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk fractional_cover_lake CF http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk fractional_cover_needleleaf_tree CF http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk fractional_cover_shrub CF http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk fractional_cover_urban CF http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk f59b8360-53cd-11e0-ad0a-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:17.127551 crop_pasture Annual fractional cover of crop/pasture. The historical land use data is based on the HYDE database v3.1 (Klein Goldewijk et al., 2010a; Klein Goldewijk et al., 2010b) as processed for CMIP5 by Hurtt et al (2010), and made available at 0.5 x 0.5 degree resolution with annual increments. The disturbed fraction is re-gridded onto the N96 grid using area average re-gridding dataFormatType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk fraction of anthropogenic disturbed land dataFormatType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk Hurtt et al. 2010 Hurtt, G. C. , L. P. Chini, S. Frolking, R. Betts, J. Feddema, G. Fischer, J. P. Fisk, K. Hibbard, R. A. Houghton, A. Janetos, C. Jones, G. Kindermann, T. Kinoshita, K. Klein Goldewijk, K. Riahi, E. Shevliakova, S. Smith, E. Stehfest, A. Thomson, P. Thornton, D. P. van Vuuren, Y. Wang (2010) Harmonization of Land-Use Scenarios for the Period 1500-2100: 600 Years of Global Gridded Annual Land-Use Transitions, Wood Harvest, and Resulting Secondary Lands. Climatic Change, submitted fractional_cover_crop_pasture CF http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 50d396d6-53cf-11e0-ad0a-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:17.131967 hadgem2-cc_oxidants Contains concentrations of oxidants in the atmosphere. These are calculated from the corresponding HadGEM2-ES runs and provided as decadal means for the experiment period at each model level. dataFormatType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk Prescribed atmospheric oxidants dataFormatType http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk H2O2 CF http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk HO2 CF http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk OH CF http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/svn/metafor/cmip5q/trunk 8146baf0-5bb2-11e1-81c3-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:17.136152 UM N96L60 ATM Grid System Met Office Unified Model 192-column 60-level Atmosphere Grid System Specification of the atmosphere grid configuration utilised in the Met Office Hadley Centre's HadGEM2-CC-L60 climate model. -90 90 0 360 145 NumberOfLatitudinalGridCells 192 NumberOfLongitudinalGridCells 84132.439 TopModelLevel n/a NumberOfLevelsBelow850hPa n/a NumberOfLevelsAbove200hPa 60 NumberOfLevels Hybrid height, terrain-following near bottom boundary Hybridization N96 572c1fc8-e2b2-11df-a643-00163e9152a5 1 Metafor Questionnaire 2012-05-21T17:22:17.420376